Is Ethical Ethics Used Animals For Scientific Research

Kylee Roberts 8th grade Mrs.King April 26, 2016 Is it ethical to use animals for scientific research? When cosmetics and diseases popped up scientists didn’t want to test cures on humans, so they test cures and cosmetics on animals. At first it was little things that weren’t a problem, then they went too far. Animals are starved, shocked, burned, and poisoned as scientists look for something that just might yield some human benefit. In one case, baby mice had their legs chopped off so that experimenters could observe whether they d learn to groom themselves with their stumps. In another, polar bears were submerged in a tank of crude oil and salt water to see if they d live. And, for those experiments which do have merit, there exist many non-animal alternatives. One reason that it isn’t ethical to do scientific research on animals is because animals are killed each year. About 20 million animals are experimented and killed annually. LIke I said before animals are starved, shocked, burned, and p oisoned as scientists look for something that just might yield some human benefit. In one case, baby mice had their legs chopped off so that experimenters could observe whether they d learn to groom themselves with their stumps. In another, polar bears were submerged in a tank of crude oil and salt water to see if they d live. And, for those experiments which do have merit, there exist many non-animal alternatives. We don’t need animals to die. When scientists testShow MoreRelatedEthics hinder scientific research. Do you agree?600 Words   |  3 PagesEthics hinder scientific research. Do you agree? Ever since the scientific revolution, there have been countless breakthroughs in the scientific field. From the invention of the light bulb to the computers we stare at daily, it is axiomatic that such things can only happen due to the advancement in science. 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Why Women Should Not Be Assigned to Combat Positions Free Essays

Throughout history, women have played a role in the defense of their nations. In 1429, Joan of Arc successfully led the French Army into battle against the English at age 17. In 1588, Queen Elizabeth I traveled to Tilbury, Essex to fight beside her Army during the Spanish raid. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Women Should Not Be Assigned to Combat Positions or any similar topic only for you Order Now And in 1788 at the Battle of Monmouth, Mary Ludwig Hayes, also known as â€Å"Molly Pitcher†, took over her husband’s cannon position and continued to engage the enemy after he had fallen in battle. While these are extraordinary accomplishments made by these most admirable women, should this level of close combat be expected, or possibly even required of women in the military? Many will argue that the ban on women in combat is a discrimination issue, and that it creates a structural barrier that can hurt their chances of promotion or advancement. The Defense Department Advisory Committee on Women in the Services actually found that â€Å"women serving in combat in Iraq and Afghanistan have had a positive impact on mission accomplishment. But these women were not assigned to an actual combat position in a unit that has a primary mission of direct ground combat engagement of the enemy. They were either assigned to a combat support unit that was engaged by the enemy, or they were attached to the combat arms unit. There is a vast difference, and this essay will explore why placing women in direct combat roles in the military would have a negative impact on combat readiness. All male units in the field experience bonding that enhances readiness and cohesion. When women are introduced, men stop relating to each other and begin trying to attract the women. This puts them in direct competition with each other and becomes a severe distraction from the mission at hand. Morale cannot be maintained if accusations of harassment are a threat, and Commanders are unable to keep the males focused on the mission when they are at war with each other over a female unit member. â€Å"Helen of Sparta was perhaps the most inspired character in all literature, ancient or modern. A whole war, one which lasted for ten years, was fought over her† (Bell, 1991, p. ). King David of Israel ordered Uriah the Hittite into battle to fight in order to commit adultery with Uriah’s wife in his absence. He would even wage war against another nation in order to eliminate any competition for his women. But a relationship with a supervisor or a co-worker is detrimental to teamwork and fairness in the workplace. A lack of trust or possible resentment toward another soldier can possibly result in poor judgment in the heat of battle when someone decides they are mad at the man that got the girl. Disrespect among the ranks, mistreatment of fellow unit members, and destruction of professional reputations will surely affect the career progression of everyone involved. And what happens to the effectiveness of the unit when a female combat soldier gets pregnant? Naval ships at war must return to shore because of the pregnancy of female sailors, thus hindering the combat mission. Infantry units must evacuate the female soldier out of the war zone and reassign her to a support position back in the States. The disruption to combat readiness is extreme and can be costly. Chivalry is not dead. The basic, instinctual nature of males is to protect females. This is true of any species of animal. Parents raise their sons to protect women, and to ensure their safety because they are less capable of protecting themselves. While this may not be true of all women, it is certainly true of all men. In the New York Times article, Female POW is Abused, Kindling Debate, by Ellaine Sciolino, Army Major Rhonda Cornum was interviewed regarding her captivity during the Persian Gulf War. She said â€Å"Everyone’s made such a big deal about this indecent assault,† she said, in her first interview since the war. But the only thing that makes it indecent is that it was nonconsensual. I asked myself, ‘Is it going to prevent me from getting out of here? Is there a risk of death attached to it? Is it permanently disabling? Is it permanently disfiguring? Lastly, is it excruciating? ‘ If it doesn’t fit one of those five categories, then it isn’t important. â €  But the male soldier that was with her had a different opinion. The 22-year-old specialist from Fort Rucker whom Iraqis slapped and beat during interrogations said he had not changed his opinion that omen should not be in combat, despite what he described as Major Cornum’s stoicism. â€Å"I worried about her all the time,† he said, â€Å"and being a P. O. W. and going through the torture, the pain, you shouldn’t also have to worry about what’s happening to the female soldier all the time. † While the women may be able to endure such atrocities that come with war, the men are not psychologically prepared to deal with listening to the screams of their women being raped, sodomized, and tortured by the enemy. Then there is the moral question behind women in combat units. The question isn’t necessarily whether a woman can do it, but whether she should do it. Assigning them into these positions would â€Å"require training men and women to regard the brutalization of women, and a woman’s brutalization of others, as normal and acceptable† (Kirkwood, 2003, p. 1). According to Vietnam War hero Ron Ray, â€Å"Women should only be used in combat if national security depends on it. † This means that all of our men have been killed or captured, and the only possibility of survival is left with the women and children. Even then it should be a last resort. There is something unsavory in the mouths of society in turning a woman into the kind of person that is capable of performing such heinous actions that are required in close ground combat against another human being, while being expected to nurture our children once she returns from such brutal actions. Women by nature are the nurturing gender. What will this do to our society of civilized humans if we turn our women into barbaric warriors? Women certainly play a significant role in today’s armed forces. On a grand scale they have been instrumental in improving the readiness of their organizations, better enabling them to perform on the asymmetrical battlefield. But placing them into close ground combat positions will not improve the readiness or performance of the armed forces. The presence of women in combat units creates sexual tension that eventually puts one man against another in direct competition for her, thus affecting morale and cohesion. As prisoners of war, women will put their male counterparts at risk because a man’s instinct is to protect the woman rather than complete his mission and overcome the enemy. As a civilized society, it is morally wrong to place a woman into a position where she could be brutalized, or where she would have to brutalize another. They simply are not emotionally or psychologically equipped to do that, and nor should they be. But in the quest for equality of the sexes, placing women in combat units isn’t the answer. It should still remain more important to maintain military tradition and combat effectiveness than it is for social experimentation. How to cite Why Women Should Not Be Assigned to Combat Positions, Essay examples

Native Americans A Marginalized Population Essay Sample free essay sample

Over the class of clip in our state. many groups in our society have experienced being set apart from sustainable communities. Among them are the immigrants. the homeless. the African Americans. those with physical or mental disablements and the Native Americans. Harmonizing to McIntosh ( 1988 ) . â€Å"Whites are taught to believe of their lives as morally impersonal. normative. and mean. and besides ideal. so that we work to profit others. this is seen as work which will let ‘them’ to be more like ‘us’ â€Å" ( p. 1 ) . Unquestionably. this was the instance back in the 19th century when the â€Å"White† people thought it would be better to hold the Native Americans be more like them. Marginalization of the Native Americans is a consequence of colonialism ; they were considered to be nescient and hostiles by the â€Å"White† colonists. forced to populate on reserves. lost their civilization and values through assimilation and stripped of the ir rights in society. Segregation. Social Darwinism. and other discriminatory patterns have led to the marginalisation of Native Americans. ensuing in the lowest criterion of life in the United States. high rates of alcohol addiction. and a important loss of heritage as they are cut off from native rites and linguistic communication and encouraged to meld into the cultural outlooks of mainstream America. Research has shown us that the Native Americans were looked down upon by the â€Å"White† people and even thought to be barbarians. Reyhner. the writer of the â€Å"Indian Assimilation Overview† ( 2006 ) says that: The necessity to absorb Native Americans and other minorities is based on the human feature of ethnocentrism. Experts who study civilizations. anthropologist. coined the term ethnocentrism to depict how virtually every civilization in the universe tends to believe that their ain civilization is superior to all other civilizations. and that their manner of making things is normal and other ways of making things are unusual. unnatural. and inferior. ( p. 2 ) Surely when analyzing this. we see non merely has this happened to the Native Americans but to other groups as good in our society yesteryear and nowadays. Not merely did the Native Americans lose their individuality they were forced to go forth their communities behind and populate on reserves. Our history tells us that the â€Å"White† people educated the Native Americans by directing some to boarding schools in the 19th and 20th centuries. The instruction they received was non every bit good as the â€Å"White† pupils so as a consequence of this they were non prepared to be productive in society. Harmonizing to Reyhner. the writer of â€Å"Contemporary Native American† ( 2006 ) : Success in school and in life is related to people’s individuality ; how they are viewed as a group and separately by others and how they see themselves. Identity is non merely a positive ego construct. It is happening your topographic point in the universe with both humbleness and strength. It is. in the words of Vine Deloria ( Standing Rock Sioux ) . â€Å"accepting the duty to be a conducive member of a society† . ( p. 3 ) Furthermore a sustainable community reflects a sense of societal wellbeing. when all its members play a important portion. Noddings ( 1995 ) provinces. â€Å"Caring implies a uninterrupted hunt for competency. When we care. we want to make our really best for the objects of our care† ( p. 2 ) . Obviously. the Native Americans were thought to be barbarians at one clip. so they were non cared for by the White people. If the White society would hold been more compassionate toward the Native Americans. history may hold had a different result. Possibly they would hold been motivated to accommodate to the â€Å"White† communities freely. Consequently. they would non had been so stray or separated from the â€Å"White† population. Imagine if both populations respected and trusted each other from the really get downing. Possibly together they could hold worked side by side to hold sustainable communities. In comparing the Native Americans with other groups that have felt the effects of favoritism because of their colour. African Americans have suffered greatly. Although. every marginalized population has the possible to be denied entree to chances. there are some groups likely to see want entirely based on colour. Martin Luther King Jr. ( 1963 ) provinces. When you have to concoct an reply for a five-year-old boy inquiring in agonising poignancy: â€Å"Daddy. why do white people dainty coloured people so average? † ; when you take a cross-country thrust and happen it necessary to kip dark after dark in the uncomfortable corners of your car because no motel will accept you ; when you are humiliated twenty-four hours in and twenty-four hours out by pecking marks reading â€Å"white† work forces and â€Å"colored† . ( p. 4 ) Throughout the centuries the â€Å"White† people have been known to believe of themselves as being superior because of their colour. If w e look back at the clip when the White Europeans came to this state they saw no ground to use regulations of award to people they considered barbarians because they looked and acted different. Some might name this sort of believing Social Darwinism where the â€Å"White† race is superior and destined to govern over all others. Clearly. the Native Americans were discriminated because of their colour. which resulted in economic want. However. now they play a immense function in our communities. Although while some Native American Tribes may profit financially because of the casinos. most have the worst criterion of life in the United States. Between the poorness and unemployment. life on the reserves is intolerable for many tribe members. With this in head. the land that was chosen to be allotted to them all those old ages ago by the authorities was bouldery and considered to be unsuitable for farming and hence of small value. As a consequence of this. many folks have struggled today financially with lodging. wellness. educational and societal issues. Due to the fact that there is small aid from the authorities. impracticable land and small integrating with modern soc iety. the economic challenges for the Native American Tribes. are lay waste toing. Harmonizing to Oitancan Mani ( Walking Leader Zephier ) a 32 twelvemonth old Yankton Sioux Tribal member who grew up on Pine Ridge Reservation. Our community was non sustainable. We didn’t hold our ain gardens. I attempted to works a garden one time or twice while turning up. I may hold even grew some comestible nutrient in it. but that was one time or twice out of my full life. It was unheard of at the clip. the term â€Å"sustainable community. † We were dependent on each other or the authorities for endurance. Mom had to depend on trade goods or authorities issued nutrient to feed us. If we couldn’t acquire that so she would hold a lunch sale or two to pay for nappies for my younger brothers. It was decidedly non sustainable. The construct was about unheard of in my coevals. It existed coevalss before me. but the European life style made certain we got rid of that. O. Zephier ( personal communicating. November 13. 2011 ) While the poorness rate among Native Americans is uncomfortably high. the growing of new concerns owned by them is increasing. Mark A. Tilsen. President of Native American Natural Foods Committee on Senate Banking. Housing and Urban Affairs ( Congressional Testimony ) stated. It is a great plus to our turning concern community to eventually hold a new and turning public transit system. I besides want to admit and thank you for your on-going support of the Native American CDFI plans. Lakota Funds was the first Native CDFI when it was started in 1985. At that clip. there were merely two Native American concerns on the Pine Ridge Reservation. Today there are 100s. Many of them are members of the Pine Ridge Area Chamber of Commerce. which I am proud to stand for here today. Lakota Funds and other Native CDFIs provide the necessary â€Å"first rung† on the economic ladder for most first-generation enterprisers on many reserves. ( Tilsen. 2011 ) The demand for more economic development on the reserves is important for the Tribal members to win in today’s economic system. When the European colonists came to America. they introduced the Native Americans to alcohol. Not merely the colonists. but bargainers as good would frequently utilize intoxicant to merchandise with the Native Americans for their goods. Harmonizing to Winkel. â€Å"Certain cultural groups experience alcohol addiction on a wider degree. Native Americans are one such group. Their rate of alcohol addiction is much higher than the remainder of the population and 1 in 10 Native American deceases is alcohol-related. † ( Winkel. 2010 ) . Consequently. intoxicant has had a great influence on the Native American’s civilization. Winkel besides states. Research workers over the old ages have shown that the effects of intoxicant on this civilization are besides due to genetic sciences. Looking from the familial degree. certain cultural groups have a cistron mutant that causes inauspicious reactions to imbibing big sums of intoxicant. Groups that possess this â€Å"protective gene† include Chinese and Nipponese populations. and it causes them to experience rapid pulse. concern. sickness. and utmost sleepiness. Other groups. including Native Americans. make non possess this cistron mutant. accordingly cut downing the side effects of heavy imbibing. ( Winkel. 2010 ) Besides genetic sciences. the environment that one lives in will find whether the y will be an alcoholic or non. Alcoholism frequently co-exists in Native American communities with other jobs like depression. self-hate. and cultural shame. Many Native young person are challenged to experiment with intoxicant and drugs at a really early age. Oi ( Oitancan Mani ) Zephier stated. There wasn’t much to make turning up on the reserve. My out was athleticss. I have four younger brothers. All we had to make was catch a few friends and we had a full football squad or two hoops squads or a baseball squad. We were invariably playing athleticss. Basketball was my life back so. It kept me consecutive and kept me sober. That was after a few lurchs with marihuana and intoxicant when I was approximately 14 and 15. That didn’t last long. Ma caught me and put me consecutive. That was a tough point in my life. At that age of 14 I watched my grandma dice of a bosom onslaught. I made a determination to remain clean and do good in school and hoops for her. O. Zephier ( personal communicating. November 13. 2011 ) Native Americans. particularly younger persons. will profit from larning more about their heritage and taking pride in their civilization. so they can work towards continuing their hereafter. Possibly since the clip the Europeans foremost traded intoxicant with the Native Americans. it began the downward spiral con sequence that they are experiencing today. It has been said that alcohol addiction is an epidemic among the Native Americans. Winkel ( 2010 ) found â€Å"Nearly 12 per centum of Native American deceases are alcohol-related. Traffic accidents and alcoholic liver disease are the most frequent alcohol-related deceases. along with homicide and self-destruction. In civilizations like this that seem to be at a deadlock when it comes to interrupting free from alcohol addiction. there is still hope. Plans run by Native Americans for their ain people can be a really effectual manner to handle alcoholism† ( p. 2 ) . Besides. it seems there are a broad assortment of societal factors that appear to implicate the Native American imbibing jobs specifically. when traditional Native values clash with the values of the dominant society. Harmonizing to Gladwell ( 1996 ) . â€Å"When societal scientists talk about epidemics. they mean something specific. Epidemics have their ain set of rules† ( p. 3 ) . Overall. the intoxicant maltreatment non merely affects the household members but all the tribal members every bit good. In its battle against this maltreatment. a tribal community’s most valuable resource is its ain people. Every Native American Tribe lost some of their civilization since the Europeans fit pes on American dirt. The remotion of most folks from traditional lands to reserves in the semi-arid West cut them off from the beginning of many of their rites. Even on present twenty-four hours reserves. where tribal members are still in close contact with one another. it’s difficult to defy the extract of the larger civilization. Oi Zephier provinces. A long clip ago societal life and calling growing could hold been related to being a good known warrior and protagonist of the full community. When you supported the people they depended on you to assist them remain warm. Many immature work forces did this and endeavor to be this type of individual because it was honest and the people respected them. We have lost many of these people. The regard still exists. but those people are few and far between. O. Zephier ( personal communicating. November 13. 2011 ) Nowadays many Native Americans live in urban countries. losing contact with their reserves and other members of their folk. This makes it harder for these Native people to show and reenforce their civilizations. In add-on. harmonizing to Lucero ( 2010 ) . â€Å"The civilization individuality and tribal connection of Americans Indians are normally believed to hold been negatively affected by the urbanisation procedure in which American Indians have been involved during the past half century. American Indians life in the urban environment may be considered to hold lost much of their apprehension of tribal-specific traditions and patterns because of the deemphasis on tribal individualities that appears to hold accompanied urbanization† ( p. 1 ) . Furthermore. many Native American linguistic communications have been lost over clip. The decease of a Native linguistic communication affairs most because that linguistic communication is portion of the frozen individuality of the members of that folk. Though. Kopetski ( 2000 ) found â€Å"Some Native Americans are making an admirable occupation of work outing their ain jobs. resuscitating and keeping the positives facets of their ain civilization and individualities. while integrating modern thoughts and accommodating to and incorporating with the broader culture† ( p. 1 ) . Regenerating Native American linguistic communications and civilizations is a daily battle against the overwhelming influence of the larger American civilization. Despite the struggle between the Native Americans and the White colonists centuries ago. many have tried to continue their Native cultural. Although the rules of colonialism sought to derive power by which of all time means are possible. the Na tive Americans and the White people of today have learned to populate together to carry through many things. Native Americans both on and off reserves continue to confront many profound societal and economic challenges. but sustainable alteration must arise within the community. Oi Zephier provinces. Native Americans whom stand near to their traditional ways are merely misunderstood. For illustration. people wonder. why won’t they accept the Black Hills Settlement ( which is up near 1 Billion $ ) and acquire themselves out of poorness. However. our grampss stood and died for this construct that we would neer sell the land and credence of that money will intend we sold the land. We didn’t have much of a pick in this money. because that Sioux Nation v. U. S. instance was settled under the construct of Eminent Domain. which meant the land was taken because they needed it. The fundamental law requires them to counterbalance the individual who’s belongings they take. That’s where the 1 billion $ . which is largely involvement right now. My point is. our grampss would neer sell this land. We won’t either. even if it means enduring in poorness. This alone separates us from the apprehension of the American popular civilization. I can’t speak for Native Americans as a whole. but I can talk for my ain people because I do cognize our beliefs. O. Zephier ( personal communicating. November 13. 2011 ) After many battles. the Native Americans of today are eventually accomplishing autonomy and cultural saving through chances in their ain communities. Some Native Tribes are in passage from being poorness stricken to sustainable healthy communities. There are community-based undertakings that are designed to assist them to reconstruct their traditional civilizations and self-government to better their lives socially and economically. Ultimately the purpose in holding a sustainable community is to hold marginalized populations identify themselves with a sense of belonging. MentionsGladwell. ( 1996 ) . The tipping point. The New Yorker. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. afsc. org/ht/d/ContentDetails/i/4019 Josephy. A. M. Jr. ( 1994 ) . 500 Nations an illustrated history of North America Indians. New York. New york: Random House. Inc. King. M. L. . Jr. ( 1963 ) . Letter from the Birmingham City Jail ( First Version )Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. afsc. org/ht/d/ContentDetails/i/4019 Kopetski. L. M. ( 2000 ) . Letters. Social Worker. 45 ( 1 ) . 94. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. travel. galegroup. com/ps/retrieve. make? sgHitCountType Lucero. N. M. ( 2010 ) . Making of urban American Indian individuality: a multistage integrative procedure. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //elibrary. bigchalk. com/elibweb/elib/do/document? McIntosh. P. ( 1988 ) . White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. afsc. org/ht/d/ContentDetails/i/4019 Nodding. N. ( 1995 ) . Teaching subjects of attention. Bloomington. 76 ( 9 ) . 675-670.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. afsc. org/ht/d/ContentDetails/i/4019 Reyhner. J. A. ( 2006 ) . Contemporary Native American Identity. Education and Language Restoration. Contemporary Native American Issues. American Indian History Online. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //wwwfofweb. com/activelink2. asp? Reyhner. J. A. ( 2006 ) . Indian Assimilation Overview. Education and Language Restoration. Contemporary Native American Issues. American Indian History Online. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //wwwfofweb. com/activelink2. asp? Tilsen. M. A. ( 2011 ) . Economic development in Indian state. Federal Document Clearing House. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //elibrary. bigchalk. com/elibweb/elib/do/document? Winkel. B. ( 2010 ) . Alcoholism among Native Americans. Treatment Solutions Network. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //treatmentsolutionetwork. com