Is Ethical Ethics Used Animals For Scientific Research

Kylee Roberts 8th grade Mrs.King April 26, 2016 Is it ethical to use animals for scientific research? When cosmetics and diseases popped up scientists didn’t want to test cures on humans, so they test cures and cosmetics on animals. At first it was little things that weren’t a problem, then they went too far. Animals are starved, shocked, burned, and poisoned as scientists look for something that just might yield some human benefit. In one case, baby mice had their legs chopped off so that experimenters could observe whether they d learn to groom themselves with their stumps. In another, polar bears were submerged in a tank of crude oil and salt water to see if they d live. And, for those experiments which do have merit, there exist many non-animal alternatives. One reason that it isn’t ethical to do scientific research on animals is because animals are killed each year. About 20 million animals are experimented and killed annually. LIke I said before animals are starved, shocked, burned, and p oisoned as scientists look for something that just might yield some human benefit. In one case, baby mice had their legs chopped off so that experimenters could observe whether they d learn to groom themselves with their stumps. In another, polar bears were submerged in a tank of crude oil and salt water to see if they d live. And, for those experiments which do have merit, there exist many non-animal alternatives. We don’t need animals to die. When scientists testShow MoreRelatedEthics hinder scientific research. Do you agree?600 Words   |  3 PagesEthics hinder scientific research. Do you agree? Ever since the scientific revolution, there have been countless breakthroughs in the scientific field. From the invention of the light bulb to the computers we stare at daily, it is axiomatic that such things can only happen due to the advancement in science. However, a myriad of scientific researches today have received strong opposition due to the ethical concerns regarding the research. This essay will agree that ethics hinder scientific researchRead MoreThe Ethical Codes Of Human Research Ethics1035 Words   |  5 Pagesimplementation of ethical codes of conduct in regards to both humans and animals. Milgram’s (1963) obedience experiment prompted various issues related to human research ethics. In Milgram’s initial experiment, participants were asked to electric shock others in order to test their level of obedience to an authority figure. According to the British Psychological Society (BPS) Code of Human Research Ethics (2010), Milgram put the studies participa nts at more than minimal risk as the research brought onRead MoreEthics of Animal Testing754 Words   |  3 PagesEthics of Animal Testing For my paper I chose the topic of animal testing because I have always been very passionate for animals and against animal abuse. I have never believed in animal testing and that there were always other alternatives. I wanted to look further into and educate myself about what is being done about this and why it is an ethical issue. I have come up with an axiom to summarize this topic. Testing animals in research revolves around the relative or moral value of humans and animalsRead MoreResearch Ethics : Animal And Clinical Research1188 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Ethics: Animal and Clinical Research When it comes to clinical research, many people think of clinical trials, but that’s only merely a small portion of a process towards a medical development involving a process call bench to the bedside. Clinical research outline scientific investigation involving animal or human subjects helping translate basic research into new treatments that would be valuable to patients. Clinical trials can contain a variety of research under the departments of physiologyRead MoreEthical And Scientific Considerations Regarding Animal Testing And Research759 Words   |  4 Pagesis Ethical and Scientific Considerations Regarding Animal Testing and Research. The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, which emphasized reduction, refinement, and replacement of animal use, principles, many scientists referred to the three R’s. These principles encouraged researchers to work to cut down the figure of animals utilized in experiments to the minimum considered necessary, refine or li mit the pain and distress to which animals are exposed, and replace the use of animals withRead MoreCode of Ethics Essay777 Words   |  4 PagesCode of Ethics In order to make certain that the animals are treated in a humane and ethical way, researchers are regulated and monitored by various government agencies. The US Department of Agriculture is responsible for enforcing the Animal Welfare Act and conducts unannounced inspections of research facilities. If the research is a grant recipient, the National Institutes of Health would be responsible for the regulation as well. The American Association for the Accreditation of LaboratoryRead MoreThe Four Primary Ethical Principles1293 Words   |  6 PagesThe Four Primary Ethical Principles in Human Research Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes (Feldman, 2013, p.5). The simplistic definition is actual very complex, as it includes a persons thought, emotions, perceptions, reasoning process, memories, and their biological activates that maintain their bodily functions (Feldman, 2013, p.5). Psychologists use the scientific method in order to describe, predict, and explain human behavior (Feldman, 2013, p.5). This is doneRead MoreEthics Deals With Sets Of Acceptable845 Words   |  4 PagesEthics deals with sets of acceptable conducts laid down by organizations to guide the conducts and behaviors of members of the organization (Ralston et al, 2014, Para. 3). Individuals acquire their initial behaviors from their respective families. These sets of learned behaviors will be refined and new ones inculcate as the child make contacts at the society through formal and informal education, religious organizations, and pear groups. However, what one values as appr opriate behaviors dependedRead MoreShould Animals Be Used For Scientific Experiments?1189 Words   |  5 Pagescommonly used phrase to describe an intimate relationship between human and dog that has developed over the centuries. But is this popular phrase true? Are dogs truly a mans best friend? Some argue of course they are— they are friendly, loyal, and in most cases considered a part of the family. But there are those who will disagree—people from other parts of the world, and at different times in history. Take scientists from the nineteenth century, for example, where a man’s best friend was used in scientificRead MoreA Comparison Of Advocates And Adversaries Of Animal Research1641 Words   |  7 Pages A Comparison of Advocates and Adversaries of Animal Research Tony Lee April 20, 2015 Dr. Baine Craft Abstract The belligerent perspectives of animal research hold strongly to different goals. Advocates hold the view that animal research is beneficial to science and medicine, which can be applied for humans and animals alike. This is opposite from the perspective of adversaries who value the life of an animal, as well as related lives. History shows the progression of the adversaries

Why Women Should Not Be Assigned to Combat Positions Free Essays

Throughout history, women have played a role in the defense of their nations. In 1429, Joan of Arc successfully led the French Army into battle against the English at age 17. In 1588, Queen Elizabeth I traveled to Tilbury, Essex to fight beside her Army during the Spanish raid. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Women Should Not Be Assigned to Combat Positions or any similar topic only for you Order Now And in 1788 at the Battle of Monmouth, Mary Ludwig Hayes, also known as â€Å"Molly Pitcher†, took over her husband’s cannon position and continued to engage the enemy after he had fallen in battle. While these are extraordinary accomplishments made by these most admirable women, should this level of close combat be expected, or possibly even required of women in the military? Many will argue that the ban on women in combat is a discrimination issue, and that it creates a structural barrier that can hurt their chances of promotion or advancement. The Defense Department Advisory Committee on Women in the Services actually found that â€Å"women serving in combat in Iraq and Afghanistan have had a positive impact on mission accomplishment. But these women were not assigned to an actual combat position in a unit that has a primary mission of direct ground combat engagement of the enemy. They were either assigned to a combat support unit that was engaged by the enemy, or they were attached to the combat arms unit. There is a vast difference, and this essay will explore why placing women in direct combat roles in the military would have a negative impact on combat readiness. All male units in the field experience bonding that enhances readiness and cohesion. When women are introduced, men stop relating to each other and begin trying to attract the women. This puts them in direct competition with each other and becomes a severe distraction from the mission at hand. Morale cannot be maintained if accusations of harassment are a threat, and Commanders are unable to keep the males focused on the mission when they are at war with each other over a female unit member. â€Å"Helen of Sparta was perhaps the most inspired character in all literature, ancient or modern. A whole war, one which lasted for ten years, was fought over her† (Bell, 1991, p. ). King David of Israel ordered Uriah the Hittite into battle to fight in order to commit adultery with Uriah’s wife in his absence. He would even wage war against another nation in order to eliminate any competition for his women. But a relationship with a supervisor or a co-worker is detrimental to teamwork and fairness in the workplace. A lack of trust or possible resentment toward another soldier can possibly result in poor judgment in the heat of battle when someone decides they are mad at the man that got the girl. Disrespect among the ranks, mistreatment of fellow unit members, and destruction of professional reputations will surely affect the career progression of everyone involved. And what happens to the effectiveness of the unit when a female combat soldier gets pregnant? Naval ships at war must return to shore because of the pregnancy of female sailors, thus hindering the combat mission. Infantry units must evacuate the female soldier out of the war zone and reassign her to a support position back in the States. The disruption to combat readiness is extreme and can be costly. Chivalry is not dead. The basic, instinctual nature of males is to protect females. This is true of any species of animal. Parents raise their sons to protect women, and to ensure their safety because they are less capable of protecting themselves. While this may not be true of all women, it is certainly true of all men. In the New York Times article, Female POW is Abused, Kindling Debate, by Ellaine Sciolino, Army Major Rhonda Cornum was interviewed regarding her captivity during the Persian Gulf War. She said â€Å"Everyone’s made such a big deal about this indecent assault,† she said, in her first interview since the war. But the only thing that makes it indecent is that it was nonconsensual. I asked myself, ‘Is it going to prevent me from getting out of here? Is there a risk of death attached to it? Is it permanently disabling? Is it permanently disfiguring? Lastly, is it excruciating? ‘ If it doesn’t fit one of those five categories, then it isn’t important. â €  But the male soldier that was with her had a different opinion. The 22-year-old specialist from Fort Rucker whom Iraqis slapped and beat during interrogations said he had not changed his opinion that omen should not be in combat, despite what he described as Major Cornum’s stoicism. â€Å"I worried about her all the time,† he said, â€Å"and being a P. O. W. and going through the torture, the pain, you shouldn’t also have to worry about what’s happening to the female soldier all the time. † While the women may be able to endure such atrocities that come with war, the men are not psychologically prepared to deal with listening to the screams of their women being raped, sodomized, and tortured by the enemy. Then there is the moral question behind women in combat units. The question isn’t necessarily whether a woman can do it, but whether she should do it. Assigning them into these positions would â€Å"require training men and women to regard the brutalization of women, and a woman’s brutalization of others, as normal and acceptable† (Kirkwood, 2003, p. 1). According to Vietnam War hero Ron Ray, â€Å"Women should only be used in combat if national security depends on it. † This means that all of our men have been killed or captured, and the only possibility of survival is left with the women and children. Even then it should be a last resort. There is something unsavory in the mouths of society in turning a woman into the kind of person that is capable of performing such heinous actions that are required in close ground combat against another human being, while being expected to nurture our children once she returns from such brutal actions. Women by nature are the nurturing gender. What will this do to our society of civilized humans if we turn our women into barbaric warriors? Women certainly play a significant role in today’s armed forces. On a grand scale they have been instrumental in improving the readiness of their organizations, better enabling them to perform on the asymmetrical battlefield. But placing them into close ground combat positions will not improve the readiness or performance of the armed forces. The presence of women in combat units creates sexual tension that eventually puts one man against another in direct competition for her, thus affecting morale and cohesion. As prisoners of war, women will put their male counterparts at risk because a man’s instinct is to protect the woman rather than complete his mission and overcome the enemy. As a civilized society, it is morally wrong to place a woman into a position where she could be brutalized, or where she would have to brutalize another. They simply are not emotionally or psychologically equipped to do that, and nor should they be. But in the quest for equality of the sexes, placing women in combat units isn’t the answer. It should still remain more important to maintain military tradition and combat effectiveness than it is for social experimentation. How to cite Why Women Should Not Be Assigned to Combat Positions, Essay examples

Native Americans A Marginalized Population Essay Sample free essay sample

Over the class of clip in our state. many groups in our society have experienced being set apart from sustainable communities. Among them are the immigrants. the homeless. the African Americans. those with physical or mental disablements and the Native Americans. Harmonizing to McIntosh ( 1988 ) . â€Å"Whites are taught to believe of their lives as morally impersonal. normative. and mean. and besides ideal. so that we work to profit others. this is seen as work which will let ‘them’ to be more like ‘us’ â€Å" ( p. 1 ) . Unquestionably. this was the instance back in the 19th century when the â€Å"White† people thought it would be better to hold the Native Americans be more like them. Marginalization of the Native Americans is a consequence of colonialism ; they were considered to be nescient and hostiles by the â€Å"White† colonists. forced to populate on reserves. lost their civilization and values through assimilation and stripped of the ir rights in society. Segregation. Social Darwinism. and other discriminatory patterns have led to the marginalisation of Native Americans. ensuing in the lowest criterion of life in the United States. high rates of alcohol addiction. and a important loss of heritage as they are cut off from native rites and linguistic communication and encouraged to meld into the cultural outlooks of mainstream America. Research has shown us that the Native Americans were looked down upon by the â€Å"White† people and even thought to be barbarians. Reyhner. the writer of the â€Å"Indian Assimilation Overview† ( 2006 ) says that: The necessity to absorb Native Americans and other minorities is based on the human feature of ethnocentrism. Experts who study civilizations. anthropologist. coined the term ethnocentrism to depict how virtually every civilization in the universe tends to believe that their ain civilization is superior to all other civilizations. and that their manner of making things is normal and other ways of making things are unusual. unnatural. and inferior. ( p. 2 ) Surely when analyzing this. we see non merely has this happened to the Native Americans but to other groups as good in our society yesteryear and nowadays. Not merely did the Native Americans lose their individuality they were forced to go forth their communities behind and populate on reserves. Our history tells us that the â€Å"White† people educated the Native Americans by directing some to boarding schools in the 19th and 20th centuries. The instruction they received was non every bit good as the â€Å"White† pupils so as a consequence of this they were non prepared to be productive in society. Harmonizing to Reyhner. the writer of â€Å"Contemporary Native American† ( 2006 ) : Success in school and in life is related to people’s individuality ; how they are viewed as a group and separately by others and how they see themselves. Identity is non merely a positive ego construct. It is happening your topographic point in the universe with both humbleness and strength. It is. in the words of Vine Deloria ( Standing Rock Sioux ) . â€Å"accepting the duty to be a conducive member of a society† . ( p. 3 ) Furthermore a sustainable community reflects a sense of societal wellbeing. when all its members play a important portion. Noddings ( 1995 ) provinces. â€Å"Caring implies a uninterrupted hunt for competency. When we care. we want to make our really best for the objects of our care† ( p. 2 ) . Obviously. the Native Americans were thought to be barbarians at one clip. so they were non cared for by the White people. If the White society would hold been more compassionate toward the Native Americans. history may hold had a different result. Possibly they would hold been motivated to accommodate to the â€Å"White† communities freely. Consequently. they would non had been so stray or separated from the â€Å"White† population. Imagine if both populations respected and trusted each other from the really get downing. Possibly together they could hold worked side by side to hold sustainable communities. In comparing the Native Americans with other groups that have felt the effects of favoritism because of their colour. African Americans have suffered greatly. Although. every marginalized population has the possible to be denied entree to chances. there are some groups likely to see want entirely based on colour. Martin Luther King Jr. ( 1963 ) provinces. When you have to concoct an reply for a five-year-old boy inquiring in agonising poignancy: â€Å"Daddy. why do white people dainty coloured people so average? † ; when you take a cross-country thrust and happen it necessary to kip dark after dark in the uncomfortable corners of your car because no motel will accept you ; when you are humiliated twenty-four hours in and twenty-four hours out by pecking marks reading â€Å"white† work forces and â€Å"colored† . ( p. 4 ) Throughout the centuries the â€Å"White† people have been known to believe of themselves as being superior because of their colour. If w e look back at the clip when the White Europeans came to this state they saw no ground to use regulations of award to people they considered barbarians because they looked and acted different. Some might name this sort of believing Social Darwinism where the â€Å"White† race is superior and destined to govern over all others. Clearly. the Native Americans were discriminated because of their colour. which resulted in economic want. However. now they play a immense function in our communities. Although while some Native American Tribes may profit financially because of the casinos. most have the worst criterion of life in the United States. Between the poorness and unemployment. life on the reserves is intolerable for many tribe members. With this in head. the land that was chosen to be allotted to them all those old ages ago by the authorities was bouldery and considered to be unsuitable for farming and hence of small value. As a consequence of this. many folks have struggled today financially with lodging. wellness. educational and societal issues. Due to the fact that there is small aid from the authorities. impracticable land and small integrating with modern soc iety. the economic challenges for the Native American Tribes. are lay waste toing. Harmonizing to Oitancan Mani ( Walking Leader Zephier ) a 32 twelvemonth old Yankton Sioux Tribal member who grew up on Pine Ridge Reservation. Our community was non sustainable. We didn’t hold our ain gardens. I attempted to works a garden one time or twice while turning up. I may hold even grew some comestible nutrient in it. but that was one time or twice out of my full life. It was unheard of at the clip. the term â€Å"sustainable community. † We were dependent on each other or the authorities for endurance. Mom had to depend on trade goods or authorities issued nutrient to feed us. If we couldn’t acquire that so she would hold a lunch sale or two to pay for nappies for my younger brothers. It was decidedly non sustainable. The construct was about unheard of in my coevals. It existed coevalss before me. but the European life style made certain we got rid of that. O. Zephier ( personal communicating. November 13. 2011 ) While the poorness rate among Native Americans is uncomfortably high. the growing of new concerns owned by them is increasing. Mark A. Tilsen. President of Native American Natural Foods Committee on Senate Banking. Housing and Urban Affairs ( Congressional Testimony ) stated. It is a great plus to our turning concern community to eventually hold a new and turning public transit system. I besides want to admit and thank you for your on-going support of the Native American CDFI plans. Lakota Funds was the first Native CDFI when it was started in 1985. At that clip. there were merely two Native American concerns on the Pine Ridge Reservation. Today there are 100s. Many of them are members of the Pine Ridge Area Chamber of Commerce. which I am proud to stand for here today. Lakota Funds and other Native CDFIs provide the necessary â€Å"first rung† on the economic ladder for most first-generation enterprisers on many reserves. ( Tilsen. 2011 ) The demand for more economic development on the reserves is important for the Tribal members to win in today’s economic system. When the European colonists came to America. they introduced the Native Americans to alcohol. Not merely the colonists. but bargainers as good would frequently utilize intoxicant to merchandise with the Native Americans for their goods. Harmonizing to Winkel. â€Å"Certain cultural groups experience alcohol addiction on a wider degree. Native Americans are one such group. Their rate of alcohol addiction is much higher than the remainder of the population and 1 in 10 Native American deceases is alcohol-related. † ( Winkel. 2010 ) . Consequently. intoxicant has had a great influence on the Native American’s civilization. Winkel besides states. Research workers over the old ages have shown that the effects of intoxicant on this civilization are besides due to genetic sciences. Looking from the familial degree. certain cultural groups have a cistron mutant that causes inauspicious reactions to imbibing big sums of intoxicant. Groups that possess this â€Å"protective gene† include Chinese and Nipponese populations. and it causes them to experience rapid pulse. concern. sickness. and utmost sleepiness. Other groups. including Native Americans. make non possess this cistron mutant. accordingly cut downing the side effects of heavy imbibing. ( Winkel. 2010 ) Besides genetic sciences. the environment that one lives in will find whether the y will be an alcoholic or non. Alcoholism frequently co-exists in Native American communities with other jobs like depression. self-hate. and cultural shame. Many Native young person are challenged to experiment with intoxicant and drugs at a really early age. Oi ( Oitancan Mani ) Zephier stated. There wasn’t much to make turning up on the reserve. My out was athleticss. I have four younger brothers. All we had to make was catch a few friends and we had a full football squad or two hoops squads or a baseball squad. We were invariably playing athleticss. Basketball was my life back so. It kept me consecutive and kept me sober. That was after a few lurchs with marihuana and intoxicant when I was approximately 14 and 15. That didn’t last long. Ma caught me and put me consecutive. That was a tough point in my life. At that age of 14 I watched my grandma dice of a bosom onslaught. I made a determination to remain clean and do good in school and hoops for her. O. Zephier ( personal communicating. November 13. 2011 ) Native Americans. particularly younger persons. will profit from larning more about their heritage and taking pride in their civilization. so they can work towards continuing their hereafter. Possibly since the clip the Europeans foremost traded intoxicant with the Native Americans. it began the downward spiral con sequence that they are experiencing today. It has been said that alcohol addiction is an epidemic among the Native Americans. Winkel ( 2010 ) found â€Å"Nearly 12 per centum of Native American deceases are alcohol-related. Traffic accidents and alcoholic liver disease are the most frequent alcohol-related deceases. along with homicide and self-destruction. In civilizations like this that seem to be at a deadlock when it comes to interrupting free from alcohol addiction. there is still hope. Plans run by Native Americans for their ain people can be a really effectual manner to handle alcoholism† ( p. 2 ) . Besides. it seems there are a broad assortment of societal factors that appear to implicate the Native American imbibing jobs specifically. when traditional Native values clash with the values of the dominant society. Harmonizing to Gladwell ( 1996 ) . â€Å"When societal scientists talk about epidemics. they mean something specific. Epidemics have their ain set of rules† ( p. 3 ) . Overall. the intoxicant maltreatment non merely affects the household members but all the tribal members every bit good. In its battle against this maltreatment. a tribal community’s most valuable resource is its ain people. Every Native American Tribe lost some of their civilization since the Europeans fit pes on American dirt. The remotion of most folks from traditional lands to reserves in the semi-arid West cut them off from the beginning of many of their rites. Even on present twenty-four hours reserves. where tribal members are still in close contact with one another. it’s difficult to defy the extract of the larger civilization. Oi Zephier provinces. A long clip ago societal life and calling growing could hold been related to being a good known warrior and protagonist of the full community. When you supported the people they depended on you to assist them remain warm. Many immature work forces did this and endeavor to be this type of individual because it was honest and the people respected them. We have lost many of these people. The regard still exists. but those people are few and far between. O. Zephier ( personal communicating. November 13. 2011 ) Nowadays many Native Americans live in urban countries. losing contact with their reserves and other members of their folk. This makes it harder for these Native people to show and reenforce their civilizations. In add-on. harmonizing to Lucero ( 2010 ) . â€Å"The civilization individuality and tribal connection of Americans Indians are normally believed to hold been negatively affected by the urbanisation procedure in which American Indians have been involved during the past half century. American Indians life in the urban environment may be considered to hold lost much of their apprehension of tribal-specific traditions and patterns because of the deemphasis on tribal individualities that appears to hold accompanied urbanization† ( p. 1 ) . Furthermore. many Native American linguistic communications have been lost over clip. The decease of a Native linguistic communication affairs most because that linguistic communication is portion of the frozen individuality of the members of that folk. Though. Kopetski ( 2000 ) found â€Å"Some Native Americans are making an admirable occupation of work outing their ain jobs. resuscitating and keeping the positives facets of their ain civilization and individualities. while integrating modern thoughts and accommodating to and incorporating with the broader culture† ( p. 1 ) . Regenerating Native American linguistic communications and civilizations is a daily battle against the overwhelming influence of the larger American civilization. Despite the struggle between the Native Americans and the White colonists centuries ago. many have tried to continue their Native cultural. Although the rules of colonialism sought to derive power by which of all time means are possible. the Na tive Americans and the White people of today have learned to populate together to carry through many things. Native Americans both on and off reserves continue to confront many profound societal and economic challenges. but sustainable alteration must arise within the community. Oi Zephier provinces. Native Americans whom stand near to their traditional ways are merely misunderstood. For illustration. people wonder. why won’t they accept the Black Hills Settlement ( which is up near 1 Billion $ ) and acquire themselves out of poorness. However. our grampss stood and died for this construct that we would neer sell the land and credence of that money will intend we sold the land. We didn’t have much of a pick in this money. because that Sioux Nation v. U. S. instance was settled under the construct of Eminent Domain. which meant the land was taken because they needed it. The fundamental law requires them to counterbalance the individual who’s belongings they take. That’s where the 1 billion $ . which is largely involvement right now. My point is. our grampss would neer sell this land. We won’t either. even if it means enduring in poorness. This alone separates us from the apprehension of the American popular civilization. I can’t speak for Native Americans as a whole. but I can talk for my ain people because I do cognize our beliefs. O. Zephier ( personal communicating. November 13. 2011 ) After many battles. the Native Americans of today are eventually accomplishing autonomy and cultural saving through chances in their ain communities. Some Native Tribes are in passage from being poorness stricken to sustainable healthy communities. There are community-based undertakings that are designed to assist them to reconstruct their traditional civilizations and self-government to better their lives socially and economically. Ultimately the purpose in holding a sustainable community is to hold marginalized populations identify themselves with a sense of belonging. MentionsGladwell. ( 1996 ) . The tipping point. The New Yorker. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. afsc. org/ht/d/ContentDetails/i/4019 Josephy. A. M. Jr. ( 1994 ) . 500 Nations an illustrated history of North America Indians. New York. New york: Random House. Inc. King. M. L. . Jr. ( 1963 ) . Letter from the Birmingham City Jail ( First Version )Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. afsc. org/ht/d/ContentDetails/i/4019 Kopetski. L. M. ( 2000 ) . Letters. Social Worker. 45 ( 1 ) . 94. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. travel. galegroup. com/ps/retrieve. make? sgHitCountType Lucero. N. M. ( 2010 ) . Making of urban American Indian individuality: a multistage integrative procedure. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //elibrary. bigchalk. com/elibweb/elib/do/document? McIntosh. P. ( 1988 ) . White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. afsc. org/ht/d/ContentDetails/i/4019 Nodding. N. ( 1995 ) . Teaching subjects of attention. Bloomington. 76 ( 9 ) . 675-670.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. afsc. org/ht/d/ContentDetails/i/4019 Reyhner. J. A. ( 2006 ) . Contemporary Native American Identity. Education and Language Restoration. Contemporary Native American Issues. American Indian History Online. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //wwwfofweb. com/activelink2. asp? Reyhner. J. A. ( 2006 ) . Indian Assimilation Overview. Education and Language Restoration. Contemporary Native American Issues. American Indian History Online. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //wwwfofweb. com/activelink2. asp? Tilsen. M. A. ( 2011 ) . Economic development in Indian state. Federal Document Clearing House. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //elibrary. bigchalk. com/elibweb/elib/do/document? Winkel. B. ( 2010 ) . Alcoholism among Native Americans. Treatment Solutions Network. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //treatmentsolutionetwork. com

Kalkidane Yeshak Essays - 2nd Millennium BC,

Kalkidane Yeshak Life of Pharaoh Hatshepsut Despite a queen's relative high status, many people thought that it was wrong and improper for a woman to rule. Through old, antiquated beliefs, people deemed a woman unworthy of a leadership position no matter her qualifications. So as Pharaoh, Hatshepsut had to spend her reign making sure her position was secure and fought for her place as a legitimate ruler. At the age of 12, after the death of Tuthmose I, Hatshepsut became queen to Tuthmose II, her half-brother. After the death of Tuthmosis II, the power passed over to her young stepson, Tuthmosis III. She also had a daughter named Neferu-Ra. This stepson was fathered by Tuthmose II with his concubine named Isis because Hatshepsut couldn't bore a son. The stepson of Hatshepsut had to be given the throne. Since Thutmose lll was too young to assume the throne without any aid, Hatshepsut served as his regent. She surprised everyone by declaring herself the role Pharaoh during the 18th dynasty, known as the New Kingdom from 1473 BC to 1458 BC, and became one of only a handful of female rulers of Ancient Egypt. Hatshepsut reigned longer than any other known female pharaoh. Although many thought that she became pharaoh because of ambition, many scholars have said that it also could have been because of threats and or political crises that were threatening her royal lineage and throne. So, thi s way she could save the throne for both herself and her stepson Thutmose lll. Knowing how limited her power is as a female and how she had gotten that power under special circumstances, she had to defend her legitimacy by pointing out and claiming that her father had appointed her as his successor. She wanted to reinvent her image, so she ordered to be portrayed as a male pharaoh in the statues and paintings of that time; with a beard and large muscles. She also relied heavily on propaganda to strengthen her reign. She ordered carvings on her temple walls that depicted how the god Amen, kings of gods; had taken her father's appearance on the day he had conceived her. This made her daughter of the chief of all Egyptian gods. As pharaoh she did many things from organizing a trade expedition to overseeing many ambitious building projects. The trade expedition to the land of Punt, after which they became major trade partners. Their partnership helped supply Egypt with many gold, resin, wild animals, and other vast riches. All of which helped make her reign prosperous and her empire wealthy and peaceful. She didn't do all this work by herself, she surrounded herself with supporters that were in her government. This included Senenmut, who was her chief master. Some even say that he could have been more than just moral support, but there is little evidence to support the claim that they might have been lovers. She is noted for having sent five ships to punt to open trade, and those five ships returned with 30 myrrh trees among many other gifts. Legend has it that she turned the first charred myrrh into eyeliner. Queen Hatshepsut had a temple built in Deir el Bahri, called Djeser-Djeseru, where she was buried and many of her stories were carved into the walls. Though her temple was not the first to be built there it was notably the largest. The walls are illustrated with many images, telling an autobiography, one which was the story of the expedition to Punt. Archeologists have discovered intact roots of the frankincense roots, the roots of the trees she brought back from Punt (Modern Day Eritrea or Somalia). Sadly, her beautiful temple today is not as intact as it was before, due mostly to the fact that after she had dies her stepson Thutmose lll had tried to erase every sign of her existence. He had her name chiseled off, along with many images of her, and had built a large temple to the west of Djeser-Djeseru. It was further damaged by later dynasties as well as tomb plunderers. Although many Egyptologists have claimed that her foreign policy was mainly peaceful. It is possible that she led military campaigns against Nubia (region along

The Steps to Our America essays

The Steps to Our America essays The Declaration of Independence is a historical document that stated the colonies wanted and would gain freedom from Britain. It eloquently expresses the reasons the colonies wanted freedom. It also blamed Britain for many abuses that King George forced and inflected upon the colonies. The Declaration of Independence includes the peoples right to change or overthrow their government if it tries to deny them their rights. This document has inspired freedom loving people throughout the world. On July 2, 1776, the delegates started reviewing, revising, and debating Thomas Jeffersons 1st draft. They removed a few statements that condemned King George for encouraging slave trade. The rest dealt with style. On July 4 it was adopted by the Congress and signed by John Hancock, the president of the Congress, and Charles Thomson, the secretary. On July 19 it was ordered to be written in nicer writing on parchment and all 56 delegates signed it. Thus we declared our freedom from Britain and were able to stand on our feet, unsteadily but on our feet, even though other countries doubted us. The Declaration is very important to us today. The World Book Encyclopedia states, Drawing upon the writings of the English Philosopher John Locke and other English thinkers, it states two universal principles that have been important to developing democracies ever since. The first principle is that governments exist for the benefit of the people and not their rulers, and that when a government turns to tyranny (unjust use of power), the people of that country have a right to resist and overturn the government. The second principle, that all men are created equal, has served as a powerful reminder that all members of a society are entitled to the full protection of the law and to the right to participate in public affairs. (76) ...

Metonymy - Definition and Examples

Metonymy s Metonymy is a figure of speech (or trope) in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which its closely associated (such as crown for royalty). Metonymy is also the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it, as in describing someones clothing to characterize the individual. Adjective: metonymic. A variant of metonymy is synecdoche. Etymology: From the Greek, change of name Examples and Observations In a corner, a cluster of lab coats made lunch plans.(Karen Green, Bough Down. Siglio, 2013)Many standard items of vocabulary are metonymic. A red-letter day is important, like the feast days marked in red on church calendars. . . . On the level of slang, a redneck is a stereotypical member of the white rural working class in the Southern U.S., originally a reference to necks sunburned from working in the fields.(Connie Eble, Metonymy. The Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1992)In Stockholm, Sweden, where Obama was traveling on Wednesday, the White House praised the vote and said that it would continue to seek support for a military response(David Espo, Obama Wins Backing From Senate Panel on Syria Strike. Associated Press, September 5, 2013)Whitehall prepares for a hung parliament.(The Guardian, January 1, 2009)Fear gives wings.(Romanian proverb)He used the events to show the Silicon Valley crowd that he was just like themand that he understood their financial needs better t han the suits on Wall Street.(Businessweek, 2003) I stopped at a bar and had a couple of double Scotches. They didnt do me any good. All they did was make me think of Silver Wig, and I never saw her again.(Raymond Chandler, The Big Sleep) Using Part of an Expression for the Whole One of the favorite American metonymic processes is the one in which a part of a longer expression is used to stand for the whole expression. Here are some examples of the part of an expression for the whole expression metonymy in American English: Danish for Danish pastryshocks for shock absorberswallets for wallet-sized photosRidgemont High for Ridgemont High Schoolthe States for the United States (Zoltn Kà ¶vecses, American English: An Introduction. Broadview, 2000) The Real World and the Metonymic World [I]n the case of metonymy, . . . one object stands for another. For example, understanding the sentence The ham sandwich left a big tip. Involves identifying the ham sandwich with the thing he or she ate and setting up a domain in which the ham sandwich refers to the person. This domain is separate from the real world, in which the phrase ham sandwich refers to a ham sandwich. The distinction between the real world and the metonymic world can be seen in the sentence: The waitress spoke to the complaining ham sandwich and then she took it away. This sentence does not make sense; it uses the phrase ham sandwich to refer both to the person (in the metonymic world) and a ham sandwich (in the real world). (Arthur B. Markman, Knowledge Representation. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999) Going to Bed The following trivial metonymic [utterance] may serve as an illustration of an idealized cognitive model: (1) Lets go to bed now. Going to bed is typically understood metonymically in the sense of going to sleep. This metonymic target forms part of an idealized script in our culture: when I want to sleep, I first go to bed before I lie down and fall asleep. Our knowledge of this sequence of acts is exploited in metonymy: in referring to the initial act we evoke the whole sequence of acts, in particular the central act of sleeping. (Gà ¼nter Radden, The Ubiquity of Metonymy. Cognitive and Discourse Approaches to Metaphor and Metonymy, ed. by Josà © Luis Otal Campo, Ignasi Navarro i Ferrando, and Begoà ±a Bellà ©s Fortuà ±o. Universitat Jaume, 2005) Metonymy in Cigarette Advertising Metonymy is common in cigarette advertising in countries where legislation prohibits depictions of the cigarettes themselves or of people using them. (Daniel Chandler, Semiotics. Routledge, 2007)Metonymic ads often feature a specific product attribute: Benson Hedges the gold cigarette box, Silk Cut the use of purple, Marlboro the use of red . . .. (Sean Brierley, The Advertising Handbook. Routledge, 1995)As a form of association, metonymy is particularly powerful in making arguments. It not only links two disparate signs but makes an implicit argument about their similarities. . . . One of the most famous cigarette slogans was developed by Sigmund Freuds nephew, Edward Bernays who, in creating the phrase Youve come a long way, baby! hoped to expunge the hussy label from women who smoked publicly by referring to cigarettes as torches of freedom. This was one of the early examples of an advertising slogan that relied on social context to be imbued with meaning. As with most good meto nyms, this image was linked with a cultural referent that aided in the persuasion. (Jonathan W. Rose, Making Pictures in Our Heads: Government Advertising in Canada. Greenwood, 2000) The Difference Between Metaphor and Metonymy Metaphor creates the relation between its objects, while metonymy presupposes that relation. (Hugh Bredin, Metonymy. Poetics Today, 1984)Metonymy and metaphor also have fundamentally different functions. Metonymy is about referring: a method of naming or identifying something by mentioning something else which is a component part or symbolically linked. In contrast, a metaphor is about understanding and interpretation: it is a means to understand or explain one phenomenon by describing it in terms of another. (Murray Knowles and Rosamund Moon, Introducing Metaphor. Routledge, 2006)If metaphor works by transposing qualities from one plane of reality to another, metonymy works by associating meanings within the same plane. . . . The representation of reality inevitably involves a metonym: we choose a part of reality to stand for the whole. The urban settings of television crime serials are metonyms- a photographed street is not meant to stand for the street itself, but as a metonym of a particular type of city lifeinner-city squalor, suburban respectability, or city-centre sophistication. (John Fiske, Introduction to Communication Studies, 2nd ed. Routledge, 1992) The Difference Between Metonymy and Synecdoche Metonymy resembles and is sometimes confused with the trope of synecdoche. While likewise based on a principle of contiguity, synecdoche occurs when a part is used to represent a whole or a whole to represent a part, as when workers are referred to as hands or when a national football team is signified by reference to the nation to which it belongs: England beat Sweden. As way of example, the saying that The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world illustrates the difference between metonymy and synecdoche. Here, the hand is a synecdochic representation of the mother of whom it is a part, while the cradle represents a child by close association. (Nina Norgaard, Beatrix Busse, and Rocà ­o Montoro, Key Terms in Stylistics. Continuum, 2010) Semantic Metonymy An oft-cited example of metonymy is the noun tongue, which designates not only a human organ but also a human capacity in which the organ plays a conspicuous part. Another noted example is the change of orange from the name of a fruit to the color of that fruit. Since orange refers to all instances of the color, this change also includes generalization. A third example (Bolinger, 1971) is the verb want, which once meant lack and changed to the contiguous sense of desire. In these examples, both senses still survive. Such examples are established; where several meanings survive, we have semantic metonymy: the meanings are related and also independent of each other. Orange is a polysemic word, its two distinct and nondependent meanings metonymically related. (Charles Ruhl, On Monosemy: A Study in Linguistic Semantics. SUNY Press, 1989) Discourse-Pragmatic Functions of Metonymy One of the most important discourse-pragmatic functions of metonymy is to enhance cohesion and coherence of the utterance. It is something that is already at the very heart of metonymy as a conceptual operation where one content stands for another but both are actively activated at least to some degree. In other words, metonymy is an efficient way of saying two things for the price of one, i.e. two concepts are activated while only one is explicitly mentioned (cf. Radden Kà ¶vecses 1999:19). This necessarily enhances the cohesion of an utterance because two topical concepts are referred to by means of one label, and there is consequently, at least nominally, less shifting or switching between these two topics. (Mario Brdar and Rita Brdar-Szabà ³, The (Non-)Metonymic Uses of Place Names in English, German, Hungarian, and Croatian. Metonymy and Metaphor in Grammar, ed. by Klaus-Uwe Panther, Linda L. Thornburg, and Antonio Barcelona. John Benjamins, 2009) Pronunciation: me-TON-uh-me Also Known As: denominatio, misnamer, transmutation

Freedom, I Write Your Name Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Freedom, I Write Your Name - Essay Example Some of libertarians uphold the perspectives of economist Friedrich August von Hayek. Hayek concluded that the rules of conduct in a society are evolving, that they survive because they are useful and help that society survive. To his mind, the free market had survived the test of time, in that most successful societies were market based in some way. Hayek considered free market capitalism to be superior to other economic systems because it handles human ignorance by passing information in coded form through the price mechanism, which indicates areas where profits could be made and resources efficiently used. Additionally, it allocates resources without being predicated on any specific objectives or assuming what the objectives of individual people are. It also facilitates freedom, in that for it to work there need to be rules demarcating â€Å"protected domains† for each person, where no other has the right to interfere. This facilitation manifests in private property rights. Hayek viewed strong property rights and the free market as the best way of protecting liberty. But, Hayek did not argue for the total abolishment of tax, or even that it should be restricted to law enforcement and defense. Hayek thought taxes, levied rightly, could be used for welfare—a kind of â€Å"bleeding heart libertarianism†Ã¢â‚¬â€or to provide certain goods which the market might fail to adequately supply. However, in practice Hayek believed it would hardly ever be necessary to use taxes in this way.

Furniture and Interiors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Furniture and Interiors - Essay Example Stickley's idea of good furniture was more on the utility side. His kind of furniture was created for everyday use and was quite durable as it was functional. Designer Frank Lloyd Wright an American architect, was in sharp contrast to Stickley because he had a more naturalistic approach combining the use of modern materials with landscape and waterfalls. Frank was credited to have beautifully designed the falling water house in 1936 in Pennsylvania, which stands as a milestone in American arts and craftsmanship. He ensured that there was perfect harmony both from the inside as well as the surrounding environment because he cared both for the human being as well as for nature. Both Stickley and Frank Lloyd believed that wood has to be admired in its most natural form instead of bending, molding them into different shapes. They believed that the dramatic woody patterns of its grains would be emphasized if cut in straight lines.

Chilean Mine Collapse Essay Example for Free

Chilean Mine Collapse Essay On August 5, 2011, the San Jose Mine, a small copper operation in northern Chile owned by Minera San Esteban Primera suffered a cave-in (Weik, 2010, p.65). Thirty-three workers were trapped 2,200-feet underground although facts, footage, and speculations of the disaster unraveled on the surface, which was covered by news stations around the world. As most of the world watched through the eyes and words of reporters, hoping for the miner’s safe rescue and return, many had doubts. â€Å"While few Chileans dared say it out loud, most of the country felt the miners were probably dead. But Fidel Bà ¡ez believed in his heart they were alive† (Yang, 2010, p.1). As the first few days turned into weeks, family members and loved ones of the 33 trapped miners held vigils outside of the mine entrance, at a make shift camp, which they named â€Å"Camp Hope† (Yang, 2010, p.1). Families, along with the rest of the world watched and waited for information on the proposed rescue plan. During those darkest days of not knowing, the families must have found comfort with each other. As other families of trapped miners were the only people who could understand what each individual was feeling and the uncertainty that no one wanted to concede. As the rescue efforts continued what information and details were given the families who lived at Camp Hope. This saga closely followed would show classic patterns of human behavior under extreme pressure with an exact ending of this drama, especially the timing, remaining uncertain. Going forward, the story is not about life and death. It is about endurance, resilience, and the power of hope. For 17 days loved ones of those trapped should have received counseling to pray for the best, but be prepared for the worse. Any information obtained by the experts should have been shared with all families of the trapped miners. Grief counseling would have been a necessity. Once that drill hit an opening, indicated by the air pressure disappearing, the families would need to bond together to endure whatever future lied ahead. As fate would have the families along with the rest of the world would soon receive a note from below stating â€Å"we are fine in the refuge, all 33 of us† (Yang, 2010, p.1). During the following weeks that soon became months, families and loved ones needed to continue working with a support system among themselves and also with an expert who had been trained in disaster situations or crisis intervention. While prayers from around the world are sent from people these families will never meet, a potential concern, probably in the back of their minds, but definitely present would have been a financial one. Needs of the families were not just limited to emotional matters but also to financial concerns. Families in this type of position need to focus on their faith and health and not if the bills will be paid. The miner’s families need time to cope and deal with whatever loss may lie ahead, while the miner’s employer should make sure that those financial concerns are addressed and handled. As a community, workers of this mining company would also have experienced the same concerns and emotional issues plagued by many of the families. Coworkers, who remained safe while their friends were buried alive, would need counseling and information to sustain them through the next couple of weeks. The thoughts of â€Å"it should have been me† had to have been evident and in abundance among the men whose only position was to wait to see and what fate would hold for their friends. As addressed to the families of those trapped, all employees would face financial concerns as long as the mining company ceased all operations while rescue efforts where underway to free the 33 miner’s trapped 2,200-feet below the earth’s surface. As all able personnel, including hundreds of people who did everything possible to free their trapped coworkers and friends, the mining company would need to make sure that the financial needs of all employees were met. It was a complete team effort from the company owner to last person on the payroll that helped to free the 33 miners who remained trapped under the earth’s surface for 69 days. Shaun Robstad a volunteer from Okotoks, Alta., just outside of Calgary, said it best â€Å"It comes up everyday; I wonder what it’s like down there†¦I don’t think they went to work that day thinking they wouldn’t be getting out† (Yang, 2010, p.1).

Custers last stand :: essays papers

Custers last stand Five springs ago I, with many Sioux Indians, took down and packed up our tipis and moved from Cheyenne river to the Rosebud river, where we camped a few days; then took down and packed up our lodges and moved to the Little Bighorn river and pitched our lodges with the large camp of Sioux. The Sioux were camped on the Little Bighorn river as follows: The lodges of the Uncpapas were pitched highest up the river under a bluff. The Santee lodges were pitched next. The Oglala's lodges were pitched next. The Brule lodges were pitched next. The Minneconjou lodges were pitched next. The Sans Arcs' lodges were pitched next. The Blackfeet lodges were pitched next. The Cheyenne lodges were pitched next. A few Arikara Indians were among the Sioux (being without lodges of their own). Two-Kettles, among the other Sioux (without lodges). I was a Sioux chief in the council lodge. My lodge was pitched in the center of the camp. The day of the attack I and four women were a short distance from the camp digging wild turnips. Suddenly one of the women attracted my attention to a cloud of dust rising a short distance from camp. I soon saw that the soldiers were charging the camp. To the camp I and the women ran. When I arrived a person told me to hurry to the council lodge. The soldiers charged so quickly we could not talk (council). We came out of the council lodge and talked in all directions. The Sioux mount horses, take guns, and go fight the soldiers. Women and children mount horses and go, meaning to get out of the way. Among the soldiers was an officer who rode a horse with four white feet. [This officer was evidently Capt. French, Seventh Cavalry.] The Sioux have for a long time fought many brave men of different people, but the Sioux say this officer was the bra vest man they had ever fought. I don't know whether this was Gen. Custer or not. Many of the Sioux men that I hear talking tell me it was. I saw this officer in the fight many times, but did not see his body. It has been told me that he was killed by a Santee Indian, who took his horse. This officer wore a large-brimmed hat and a deerskin coat. This officer saved the lives of many soldiers by turning his horse and covering the retreat.

Baroque in the Vatican

Baroque in the Vatican Throughout the ages, civilizations around the world have expressed themselves through various kinds of art such as dance, music, painting, and architecture. Styles of art vary from culture to culture, and over time each style evolves into something completely new. In the mid sass's, there was a change in culture that completely reshaped the European world. Known as the Renaissance, individuals persevered to recreate, and reinterpret the forgotten knowledge and accomplishments of the past. However, as time went on, culture began to change once again.What came out of the Renaissance was an extravagant style most commonly known as the Baroque. Unlike the Renaissance, which striver to meet realism in all its likeness, the Baroque was a hyperbole of reality, bringing in a major sense of theatricality through the synthesizing of various medias. The Baroque period finished what the Renaissance started, and evidence of this is found in SST. Pewter's Basilica in Vatican City. It is regarded as one of the holiest sites in the world and is described as â€Å"the greatest of all churches of Christendom. It uniquely displays both the Baroque fashion and inundations of the previous Renaissance. After Emperor Constantine officially recognized Christianity, he began the construction of the great basilica in the year of 324 AD in the exact location that it stands today. After its completion, several hundred years went by and in the 15th century, it was decided that the old basilica was to be rebuilt. Under the reign of Pope Julius II, reconstruction began on the current building in the year of 1506.During the Renaissance, esteemed artist Michelangelo became the main architect in 1546, when he designed the dome of SST. Pewter's Basilica. It is believed to be one of Michelangelo finest pieces of work, and unfortunately it was also one of his last. The great double dome is made of brick and rises to a total height of 448 Ft from the floor of the basilica to the top of the external cross. It is the tallest dome in the world. The exterior is surrounded by a massive order of Corinthian pillars, emphasizing that realistic notion of the Renaissance.What is unique about this dome is that Michelangelo did not make it a hemisphere, but a parabola. Designed with all the beauty and decor that this age had to offer, the dome of SST. Pewter's, the greatest dome in Christendom, represents the brilliant ingenuity of the Renaissance. Forty years passed since the death of Michelangelo and on the first day of Lent, February 18, 1606, the demolition of the remaining parts of the Constantine basilica began. The tombs of various popes were opened, treasures were removed and final plans were made for the new basilica.Pope Paul V commissioned Carlo Modern to pick up where Michelangelo left off, and having enormous shoes to fill, Modern completed the magnificent facade, the front entrance of the new basilica. As a memorable piece of work, the facade stands 149 Ft high and 376 Ft wide, built of travertine stone. Approaching this massive entrance, soaring Corinthian columns pull your eyes upon 13 classical statues standing on top of the faded, all beautifully shaped with Baroque theatricality and expressions that resemble lifelike characteristics stressed in the Renaissance.As Christ is centered in front over a colossal pediment, he is accompanied by eleven disciples and John the Baptist. Representing the transition from the Renaissance into the Baroque, the faded alone remains Just a single portion of this grand masterpiece. In 1629, Genealogies Bernie is appointed as Modern's successor by Pope Urban VIII and at last we arrive in the Baroque era. Bernie was to become regarded as the greatest architect and sculptor of the Baroque period as he completed the phenomenally extravagant Piazza did San Pitter, or SST.Pewter's Square. Executed between 1656 and 1667, this vastly open court measures to be 1,115 feet long and 787 feet wide, surrou nded by a colonnade of 248 columns, each 64 Ft tall. At such a colossal scale, this enormously over-sized court and over the top decor, reflects the essence of Baroque fashion. To further exaggerate everything, standing on the rim of each of the inner columns are 140 larger-than-life statues of different saints, each uniquely made with precise expressions reflecting that deep drama emphasized in the Baroque.The part of the colonnade that is around the ellipse does not completely encircle it, but reaches out in two arcs, which represents the arms of â€Å"the Roman Catholic Church reaching out to welcome its communicants. † The center of this piazza is an obelisk, known as â€Å"The Witness†, at a total height of 130 Ft, including base and the cross on top, it is the second largest standing obelisk, and the only one o remain standing since its removal from Egypt and re-erection at the Circus of Nero in 37 AD, where it is believed to have bore witness to the crucifixion of SST Peter.On each side of the obelisk are two beautiful fountains, one designed by Modern (1613) and the other by Bernie (1675) which was built as a counterbalance. Bering's piazza is a marvelous example of Baroque excellence. Every aspect is furnished with extraordinary detail and each statute dramatically presented, bringing that overwhelming sense of intense theatricality. After you have rested from the intense experience of the grand entrance, at last e enter into the great basilica.As you slowly take your steps inside, your mind will get lost as the luscious splendor of this grandeur interior throws you in circles. â€Å"The first burst of the interior, in all its expansive majesty and glory: and, most of all, the looking up into the Dome; is a sensation never to be forgotten. † – Charles Dickens, 1846 Covering an area 5. 7 acres, it has a capacity to hold over 60,000 people, making it the largest church in the world. From the floor to the ceiling, the interior is laced with intricate detail, and luxurious design.Every bit of space is used to display the nines of Renaissance/Baroque monuments and decoration money could buy, employing the talents of those greats as Michelangelo and Bernie. Starting from the entrance, along the columns are niches housing 39 statues of various saints. In the right aisle, the first major sight is Michelangelo beautiful Pieta. Regarded as one of Christendom greatest sculptures, the Petite ¤ resembles the young Virgin Mary caught in a moment of sorrowful rumination as she holds the lifeless body of Jesus in her arms. The proportionally correct lifelike features make this a masterpiece ofRenaissance perfection. Michelangelo Petite ¤ transformed the Renaissance from a devotional image into a monumental statement on the meaning of Christian sacrifice. As your pulled deeper into the basilica in away of its beauty, your eyes become fixed on a single vanishing point designed at the end of this colossal hallway. A stonished, you will find Bering's magnificent bellyaching, a monumental canopy that shelters the papal altar and the holy relics of SST. Peter. Ingeniously, it also serves to fill the vertical space under Michelangelo great dome, making it the visual center of the silica.The canopy reaches a peak of 90 Ft, and the spiral columns a height of 65 Ft. It is composed of 927 tons of dark bronze and is furnished with gold leaves. The sheer mass of the bellyaching may seem irrelevant but it is a resemblance of that exaggeration in Baroque style, along with the unnecessary need for such elaborate gold floral designs. Being the first of Bering's works in SST. Pewter's, he incorporated a vast mixture of sculpture and architecture. Angels are also consistent throughout the monument, giving an overall effect of the Ark of the Covenant.The bellyaching represents an important development in the Baroque design of interiors and furnishing. SST. Pewter's Basilica uniquely holds the best of each age, both the Renaissance and the Baroque. It was constructed over a period of several hundred years by the world's most renowned artists. Together, they created a timeless masterpiece rebirth out of the Renaissance, and matured through the Baroque. Over half a millennium later, it remains one of the holiest sites in the world and has captured the marvelous beauty of the Renaissance and Baroque that is celebrated every day.

Globalization and its Principal Outcomes Essay

Globalization mainly concentrates on trade and commerce between nations and creates a global market, in which goods and services easily flow from one nation to another, without any barrier. All the countries would equally share the production resources and allow the free movement of resources between them, in the global community. The African countries have always been exporting raw materials like minerals and agricultural produce, which are utilized in the production sector of the Western markets. They do not have any significant production facilities; hence they have to borrow, in order to import manufactured goods. The Western markets employ trade tariffs and other such economic stratagems to drastically reduce the price of these imports from these African nations, while increasing the cost of the exports to these countries. The result is that the African nations suffer from a balance of payments problem (Mutethia, 2000). Globalization has both advantages and disadvantages. Some of its advantages are enhanced productivity, low interest rates and a low rate of global inflation. It not only provides a high level of protection to economies, but it also promotes inequality of income. This has been evident in the developments around the world. There is increased disparity in income and an imposition of protectionist approaches in the developed nations. Globalization eliminates national borders and permits the free flow of services and goods from one nation to another. It provides greater opportunities to developing nations to widen their market area and enter the global market. However, this type of open trade is unsuited to poor nations (Tompkins & Harmelink, 2004. P. 34). Liberalisation is the main component of globalization, and constitutes its first and foremost condition. Advocates of globalization argue that the state’s role must be limited to security and defence. In all other aspects, the state must play a subordinate role. As such, many of the developing nations have autocratic rule, and there is abuse of power and office by government officials. Moreover, these countries do not adopt proper economic management. All these factors contribute to their underdevelopment. Therefore, countries with these characteristics cannot meet the challenges posed by globalization. Thus, liberalisation, in all aspects, is the prerequisite for the success of globalization. However, rapid liberalisation would only cause harm rather than benefit (Africa News, February 18, 2007). According to Stiglitz globalization is a process that is unsuitable for poor nations. It does not promote the stability of the global economy. He also added that the first to fall prey to globalization would be the developing economies. The poor in these nations would become poorer, and the disparity in power across the globe would be perpetuated. The principal financial institutions that engender this process are the IMF and the World Bank. These institutions, characteristically lack transparency in their dealings and they are controlled by the developed world (Ehrlich & Ehrlich, 2004. P. 327). The less developed countries experienced a reduction in the restrictions placed on the financial and trade markets in the beginning of the 1980’s. These changes served to engender greater political freedom in these countries. This extraordinary process of globalization can be assumed to improve the democratic systems of governance (Rudra, Oct, 2005). Developing countries suffer from the unequal power distribution brought about by globalization. At present the world is experiencing a number of adverse effects due to globalization. These effects are not limited to the developing and poor nations; and they are also being experienced by most of the developed nations. That is the power of globalization (Kaur, October 12, 2007 ; Pg. 25 ). At present, these nations are experiencing the adverse effects of globalization. Under the globalization policy, there should not be any restrictions on free trade. However, in practice this policy is not followed by many nations. For instance, African agricultural produce is subjected to severe restrictions in the western markets. The latter impose heavy tariffs on the African produce in order to protect their own industries within their nations. These are protectionist pressures, created by globalization. Therefore, globalization has failed to ensure the free movement of goods and fair competition (Africa News, February 18, 2007). A significant number of people continue to argue that globalization ushers in negative outcomes for the world. Its effect has been to render the rich richer and the poor poorer. It is the claim of economists that globalization brings about more benefits for all. However, the poor are neglected in this process, as they could not get a fair share of the profits generated by globalization. It is important to note that social security and other governmental policies could be instrumental in reversing the negative outcomes of globalization, and eliminate inequality and poverty in the developing nations. Some of the other tools that promote a fairer system of cooperation are fair trade and patent laws (Sen, April 27, 2007, Pg. 14). The chief objective of globalization is to implement a world order that benefits the capitalists. It is naive to assume that globalization is nothing more than an increase in worldwide mutual interlinking, brought about by technological change and market forces. A number of countries of the world have been afflicted with financial crises, which have served to highlight the ills of globalization. List of References Africa News.(February 18, 2007). Rwanda; Is Globalisation Another Form of Imperialism? The New Times . Ehrlich, P. R. , & Ehrlich, A. H. (2004. P. 327). One with Nineveh. Island Press. Kaur, H. (October 12, 2007 ; Pg. 25 ). The rich, too, begin to feel globalisation pinch. New Straits Times (Malaysia) . Mutethia, J. (2000, August 15). Africa and Globalization. Retrieved October 21, 2008, from Global Policy Forum: http://www. globalpolicy. org/socecon/develop/africa/glob. htm Rudra, N. (Oct, 2005). Globalization and the Strengthening of Democracy in the Developing

Discuss the Marketing Environment Essay Example

Discuss the Marketing Environment Essay Example Discuss the Marketing Environment Paper Discuss the Marketing Environment Paper The Marketing Environment consists of a complex set of interacting forces and influences outside the marketing department of an organization. The Marketing Environment affects the organizations ability to build and maintain mutually beneficial relationships with its target customers. Through continuous monitoring its Marketing Environment a company must be able to anticipate change and act in a pro active way rather than leaving it to a reactive reaction. It must also keep up to date by realizing any effective changing forces. It does this by monitoring SOOT I. . Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. Obviously wanting to maximize on Strengths and Opportunities and eliminate Weaknesses and Threats. Marketers must use marketing intelligence and market research when monitoring the Marketing Environment. The Marketing Environment can be divided into two main categories; the Micro and the Macro Environment. The Micro Environment This can also be divided. Internal Environment a nd Forces close to the organization. The Internal Environment. This consists of Top Management and Other departments. The Top management is responsible for setting the organizations overall session, objectives, strategies and policies to guide all the organizations departments and employees. The success of the company is dependent on the competence of the Top managers. Other departments must co-ordinate their efforts as to maximize potential and avoid conflicts. The smoother the departments work together the better the overall outcome is going to be. All employees should realize the importance of being market-orientated and of delivering customer satisfaction. Forces close to the organization. This consists of Competitors, Marketing Intermediaries, Suppliers of resources, Customers and Publics. Competitors: must offer superior value satisfaction than their competitors and make it widely known throughout the target market. Companies must make an effort to attract their target customers and retain them by delivering customer satisfaction. These companies must watch their competitors closely as to retain their market share and maybe win some of the competitors market share. Marketing Intermediaries: These are firms that assist the company hiring them to promoter sell and distribute its products to target customers. Resellers will help find target customers or sell to them. Transportation firms help companies stock and transport goods. Agencies providing marketing services are marketing research agencies, advertising agencies, and marketing consulting firms. Financial intermediaries are organizations that will sell financial services to companies. Suppliers of resources: A company must be very careful as to watch for any changes (shortages, delays, labor strikes etc) as they are damaging to the companies sales and reputation. The organization is as efficient as its suppliers. Customers: Firstly a company must identify its target market. Then develop he right ups to build long term customer relationships. An organizations target customers may be part of different markets. Consumer markets which are people who buy for personal use, these are called final consumers. Business Markets are companies that buy goods or services in order to use them for production in order to resell at a profit, these are called business customers. Government markets rent goods or services to carry out the main functions of the government. Institutional markets are schools hospitals that provide goods or services to those in the organization. International markets are any of the customer markets but are situated overseas. Each market has its own particular features. Organizations must study the market/ s to which they are selling to so as to understand its/their characteristics; including the way buying decisions are made. Publics: are groups that have an actual or potential interest in or on the companies ability to achieve its objectives. These publics include Media, Financial, Local, Internal, General, Citizen Action, or Government. The Macro Environment The Macro Environment can be considered as forces. These forces can be plait into four categories: Demographic forces, Natural forces, Political forces and Social forces. Demographic Forces This is the study of the population. Demographic trends include Growing world population, Ageing population, Increasing Diversity, Changes in family structure, and a more Educated population. Growing world population: The number of needs increases as the population increases. These increased needs backed by purchasing power create market opportunities. These opportunities must be exploited. Ageing population: If the older segment of the population increases opportunities for companies that target this segment of the market. Likewise it creates threats companies that target a young market. These companies can react by offering a product suitable for an older market on top of their original product. Increasing diversity: The nationality and racial make up of the country/sees where they are selling their products should be considered. Peoples wants are generally due to their nationality or race. Due to advancements in technology and transportation this has and is likely to continue increasing. Changes in family structure: Nowadays families have gotten smaller. This means that the usual budget for food etc is obviously going to get smaller I. E. With a higher standard of living an increase in purchases of various products is probable. Women working have also increased so with money in their pocket a new segment of potential customers has been created. There is also a shift in husband and wife roles so now household products should also be aimed at husbands as well as wives. A more educated population: As a result of this the demand for quality products, book, formal clothing etc has increased. Natural Forces These are forces to do with natural resources. These forces can be split into four categories: Raw material shortage, Increased pollution, Increased government intervention and Environmentalism. Raw Material Shortage: Non renewable resources pose a serious threat. Companies face problems such as increasing costs and protests. Some day theyll have to find substitute materials to use in production. Renewable resources also pose a problem if depletion rate supersedes its renewal rate. Companies using these resources face the same problems. Seemingly infinite resources are being destroyed due to pollution. Companies causing such arm face bad word Of mouth and a bad reputation. Increased pollution: This poses a health as well as other threats to the general society. These industries must face bad word of mouth. Increased government intervention: This intervention in resource management varies across countries. Government laws and regulations must be monitored by companies as to not break laws and face consequences. Environmentalism: These cause pressure; sometimes so much that they actually damage a companys reputation and influence government intervention. Now companies go beyond and develop a plan that is known as n environmentally sustainable strategy and develop ecologically safer products. Political Forces These are forces such as laws, government agencies and pressure groups. These forces vary with country and possibly time. There job is to protect organizations from each Other, consumers from Organizations and their deceptive practices etc, and society as a whole. Businesses are not only limited by laws and regulations but ethical and social codes are also considered. Most Businesses adopt the Societal Marketing Concept. Economic Forces These are forces that affect consumers spending ability and spending tatters. These are split into Changes in Average Income, Changes in Income Distribution, and Changing Consumer Spending Patterns. Changes in Average Income: means that a high average income level by means of a raise can lead to an increase in demand for quality products and a fall for cheaper, more inferior products. Obviously a fall in average income can lead to the opposite. Companies must therefore be very aware of the changing in incomes and adjust to the accordingly. Changes in Income Distribution: The segments are rich, middle income, and low income and people living on welfare. These segments sizes are likely to change over time. Once again the company must be monitoring this to spot changes to identify the trends in its target markets. Companies can choose to offer two or more variations of their product in order to satisfy all parts of the Income Distribution chain ex. Books. Changing Consumer Spending Patterns: Patterns are changing every day. As income increases products such as food etc are spent on less than housing, transportation etc. This is what help businesses decide on whether to expand in the same line of products or find an alternative line. Cultural Forces Beliefs and values are divided into: core beliefs and values and beliefs which are difficult to change, and secondary beliefs and values which are easier to change. A company must either find a way of adjusting its product to fit the core beliefs and values or try and change the secondary beliefs through marketing activities etc. These beliefs are mainly attributes of ones society. A person holds views on: 1 . Her/himself people buy products that match their personalities. 2. Other people people want to interact with society, therefore there is a demand for rodents that improve their relationships with others ex. Clubs etc. 3. Various institutions a positive attitude towards an institution means that people will trust this institution. Companies do this buy adopting the Societal Marketing Concept. 4. His/her society people prefer buying products made in their own company. 5. The natural environment if people feel close to nature a demand in products such as health food will increase. I. E. If the company harms the environment this will reflect badly. 6. The universe and spirituality if religious convictions and practice falls, tribalism takes over. If it doesnt fall companies promote their products with a spiritual theme. Any organization needs to research such views and adjust each of the ups accordingly. Technological Forces A new technology implies new market opportunities for some organizations and threats for others.

Women in Trucking By Women, For Women

Women in Trucking By Women, For Women It is never easy to be a woman in a male-dominated industry, particularly one that is also dangerous and isolated, like trucking. Over at the Roadmaster’s Driving School Blog, Ellen Voie is raising awareness for Women in Trucking (WIT), an organization formed in 2007 by women drivers seeking to support and aid one another. As minorities in the industry, women still face more safety concerns and logistics issues than male truckers. Women in Trucking provides self-defense presentations, secures association discounts with partners, and lobbies for loading docks and truck stops to provide more women-friendly amenities like bathrooms and personal hygiene products. Most importantly, WIT confronts the ingrained sexist attitudes that seek to deter women from entering the industry at all.To celebrate women in leadership roles, WIT also holds an annual â€Å"Influential Women in Trucking† event, sponsored by Navistar, and an annual â€Å"Salute to Women Behind the Wheel† e vent each March. They also feature guest bloggers monthly to share the personal stories of drivers across the country.Currently, 16% of WIT’s membership is comprised of men who want to show their support for female drivers, so whether you’re a man or a woman, consider joining Women in Trucking to demonstrate your commitment to leveling the playing field and welcoming new drivers with professional courtesy and respect.Check them out online at  womenintrucking.org.

Introduction To Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Introduction To Property Law - Essay Example If there is a physical entry on the land of another, the case is a potential trespass. However cases involving fumes, smoke, light or other non-trespassory conducted are governed by nuisance principles (29.02) (b) To what extent, if at all, do occupiers need to protect trespassers from danger? Basically it states that an occupier of land who brings onto it anything likely to do damage if it escapes, and keep that thing on the land, will be liable for any damage caused by an escape (3.0). (c) Explain the various methods by which an easement may be acquired. The law recognizes five basic categories of affirmative easements: (1) express easements; (2) easements implied from prior existing use; (3) easements by necessity; (4) prescriptive easements; and (5) irrevocable licenses or â€Å"easements by estoppels.† Certain negative easements are also recognized (32.01). (d) What is the significance of the DEED in land law transactions? Give examples of situations where it is required. The deed is the basic document used to transfer an estate or other interest in land during the owner’s lifetime. One who transfers title by deed is a grantor; one who receives title is a grantee. The general warranty is a type of deed. It contains six specific covenants of title that warrant against any defect in the grantor’s title. ... Above the kiosk is a sign which reads, ‘THE FOXSHIRE ESTATE DOES NOT ACCEPT ANY LIABILITY FOR LOSS OR DAMAGE SUSTAINED ON THESE PREMISES.’ Recently, the following incidents have occurred. Answer the question which follows each incident. All parts carry equal marks. (i) Adam, a boy of 14, visited the estate with his parents. Adam’s parents left him to explore on his own while they went for a coffee in the cafe. Adam decided to climb one of the very old and large cedar trees. A rotten branch broke under his weight and he fell to the ground and broke his arm. The Foxshire Trust had recently hired Lopitoff Ltd, a firm of professional tree surgeons, to remove any ‘dangerous branches.’ They had failed to spot that the branch in question was rotten. Could Adam sue Foxshire Trust for the injury he has sustained? Yes. Liability as in the rule in Rylands v Fletcher Case. The rule states an occupier of land who brings onto it anything likely to do damage if it e scapes (3.0) (ii) The estate gardeners frequently light large bonfires, on a patch of ground near the edge of the estate, to get rid of garden waste. Bettie, who owns a house in the nearby village of Foxhill, is fed up with the smoke which blows across and deposits smuts on her laundry on the washing line. Her daughter, Carol, claims that the smoke has exacerbated her asthma. A number of other villagers have complained about the smoke. What action, if any, could Bettie and Carol and the other villagers take against the Foxshire Trust? (iii) The Foxshire Trust is very committed to green causes and owns a small organic farm on the estate (Home Farm) and employs a farm manager to run it. Denise, a neighbouring

Development Aid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Development Aid - Essay Example Such countries began to borrow capital from other well to do rich countries to start developing their own economies and thus began the concept of Development Aid. There has been a lot of monetary transfer between the poor countries and the developed countries with regard to the development aid. Development Aid was made mandatory by the United Nations in the year 1946 to ensure that the countries which were destroyed and affected adversely during the World-War II, to recover from their state. The concept of providing Development Aid was to help the third world countries recover from their poverty and help them come on to the path of progress. Development Aid was meant to be the means of maintaining a peace accord between two rival countries affected by war for quite some time. Development Aid helps countries to develop and progress instead of sliding back into the stages of conflicts and war. Development Aid also termed as foreign aid was meant to promote improvement in economic growth of the third world countries and to bridge the gap between the poor and rich. ... r the domestic economy were taken up by a new breed of development economists who argued that investment in less developed countries could be stimulated by injections of cash from overseas. The logic of this new development theory was simple: investments are determined by savings - and savings are determined by per capita income. Since poor countries have low incomes and accordingly, low savings, they are caught in a 'vicious circle of poverty': they experience a 'low-level equilibrium trap' where higher income does not lead to increased saving but only results in higher population growth. Thus, it was argued, investment financed by foreign aid will dissolve this vicious circle and connect the less developed countries to the virtuous circle of productivity and growth. Pros and Cons Good Governance is the latest term being used for the diplomatic as well as the bilateral issues of Development Aid. Good Governance is a term which is very common amongst the general public with regard to Development Aid; mostly hearing at public speeches or through some media like the television, the newspaper, etc. Good Governance as told is like a diplomatic and bilateral condition in multi aid proposals (O'Neill, 1997). Bilateral issues in multi-aid proposals include the two countries coming to a common understanding between each other, signing some pacts which would have to be followed in the following times after the pacts have been signed. Many people and governments are of the opinion that Good governance is an integral concept and entity to improve the flow of aid thereby proving to be a bolster to the economic growth of a country as well as a means to alleviate poverty from that particular country. Many have different views about good governance which might mean different things

Income Taxes and Leases Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Income Taxes and Leases - Coursework Example According to Sachse (2006), all the timing differences cannot be reversed and that their tax effects cannot facilitate payment of deferred tax liability. For the advocates of the partial allocation of income tax, deferred tax liabilities would only be the portion of the comprehensive tax liability that was expected to result in the cash outflows (Sachse, 2006). Besides, this is not a conservative approach since the company management is given a leeway to choose the liabilities to recognize and those to avoid. Comprehensive allocation of income taxes This method requires that income tax expenses declared in the accounting period be affected by all transactions and be further included when calculating the pretax financial accounting revenue for that particular fiscal year. Both the GAAP and IFRS require the comprehensive allocation approach for the recognition of income taxes (Sachse, 2006). The matching argument is used in the justification of detailed allocation on grounds that the principle requires a full matching of revenue and expenses, hence the most conservative approach. Accounting for a capital-lease by the Lease The capital lease shall be recognized as an obligation, but valued as the initial lease-term’s minimum lease payment’s current value, but exclude executor expenses like maintenance, insurance and profit paid by the lessor. But in case the established amount exceeds the initial leased asset’s fair value, it may imply that obligation and asset value be considered as the fair value.

Analysis of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)

Analysis of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) Introduction Intrusion detection systems (IDS) were developed in 1990’s, when the network hackers and worms appeared, initially for the identification and reporting of such attacks. The intrusion detection systems didn’t have the ability to stop such attacks rather than detecting and reporting to the network personnel. The Intrusion Prevention Systems got both characteristics i.e. threat detection and prevention. The detection process analyzes the events for any possible threats while the intrusion prevention stops the detected possible threats and reports the network administrator. Purpose Scope The main purpose of the project is to evaluate the security capabilities of different types of IDPS technologies in maintaining the network security. It provides detail information about the different classes components of IDPS technologies, for example, detection methods, security capabilities, prevention capabilities internals of IDPS. It is mainly focused on different detection techniques responses by these technologies. 1.2 Audience The information can be useful for computer network administrators, network security personnel, who have little knowledge about these IDPS technologies. 1.3 Project Structure The project is organized into the following major structure: Section 2 provides a general introduction of IDPS. Section 3 provides detail information about of IDPS technologies, components architecture, detection methodologies, security capabilities prevention capabilities. Section 4 provides the internals of IDPS incident response. Section 2: Introduction of IDPS This Chapter Explains the Intrusion Detection Prevention Process, Uses, Functions and Different Types of IDPS The modern computer networks provide fast, reliable and critical information not only to small group of people but also to ever expanding group of users. This need led the development of redundant links, note book computers, wireless networks and many others. On one side, the development of these new technologies increased the importance and value of these access services and on other side they provide more paths to attacks. During the past, In the presence of firewalls and anti-virus software, organizations suffered huge losses in minutes to their businesses in terms of their confidentiality and availability to the legitimate clients. These modern threats highlighted the need for more advance protection systems. Intrusion detection prevention systems are designed to protect the systems and networks from any unauthorized access and damage. An intrusion is an active sequence of related events that deliberately try to cause harm, such as rendering system unusable, accessing unauthorized information or manipulating such information. In computer terminology, Intrusion detection is the process of monitoring the events in a computer network or a host resource and analyzing them for signs of possible incidents, deliberately or incidentally. The primary functions of IDPS are the identification of incident, logging information about them, stopping them preventing them from causing any damage. The security capabilities of IDPS can be divided into three main categories: Detection : Identification of malicious attacks on network host systems Prevention: stopping of attack from executing Reaction: Immunization of the system from future attacks. On the basis of location and type of events they monitor, there are two types IDPS technologies, host-based network based. The network-based IDPS monitors traffic for particular network segment and analyze the network application protocol activity for suspicious events. It is commonly deployed at the borders between networks. While on the other hand, host-based IDPS monitors the activity of a single host and events occurring within that host for suspicious activity. There are two complementary approaches in detecting intrusions, knowledge-based approach and behavior based approach. In knowledge-based approach an IDPS looks for specific traffic patterns called Signatures, which indicates the malicious or suspicious content while in the behavior-based approach an intrusion can be detected by observing a deviation from normal or unexpected behavior of the user or the system. What is an IDS? The Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can be defined as: tools, methods resources to identify, assess report unauthorized or unapproved network activity. It is the ability to detect attacks against a network or host and sending logs to management console providing the information about malicious attacks on the network and host resources. IDSs fall into two main categories: Host-Based Intrusion Detection System (HIDS): A HIDS system require some software that resides on the system and can scan all host resources for activity. It will log any activities it discovers to a secure database and check to see whether the events match any malicious event record listed in the knowledge base. Network-Based Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS): A NIDS system is usually inline on the network and it analyzes network packets looking for attacks. A NIDS receives all packets on a particular network segment via one of several methods, such as taps or port mirroring. It carefully reconstructs the streams of traffic to analyze them for patterns of malicious behavior. The basic process for IDS is that it passively collects data and preprocesses and classifies them. Statistical analysis can be done to determine whether the information falls outside normal activity, and if so, it is then matched against a knowledge base. If a match is found, an alert is sent. Figure 1-1 outlines this activity. Response Manager GUI Host System Pre-processing Statistical Analysis Alert Manager Knowledge Base Long-Term Storage Signature Matching Fig 1.1 Standard IDS System What is an IPS? IPS technology has all capabilities of an intrusion detection system and can also attempt to stop possible incidents. IPS technologies can be differentiated from the IDS by one characteristic, the prevention capability. Once a threat is detected, it prevents the threat from succeeding. IPS can be a host-based (HIPS), which work best at protecting applications, or a network-based IPS (NIPS) which sits inline, stops and prevents the attack. A typical IPS performs the following actions upon the detection of an attack: IPS terminates the network connection or user session. It blocks access to target .i.e. IP address, user account or sever. It reconfigures the devices i.e. firewall, switch or router. It replace the malicious portion of an attack to make it benign An IPS typically consists of four main components: Traffic Normalizer: Interpret the network traffic and do packet analysis and packet reassembly traffic is fed into the detection engine service scanner. Service Scanner: Builds a reference table that classifies the information helps the traffic shaper manage the flow of the information. Detection Engine: Detection engine does pattern matching against the reference table. Figure 1.2 outlines this process: Response Manager GUI Traffic Normalizer System Scanner Detection Engine Alert Manager Reference Table Long-Term Storage Signature Matching FIG 1-2 Standard IPS Uses of IDPS Technologies The identification of possible incidents is the main focus of an IDPS, for example, if an intruder has successfully compromised a system by exploiting the vulnerability in the system, the IDPS could report this to the security personnel. Logging of information is another important function of IDPS. This information is vital for security people for further investigation of attack. IDPS has also the ability to identify the violation of security policy of an organization which could be intentionally or unintentionally, for example, an unauthorized access to a host or application. Identification of reconnaissance activity is one of the major capabilities of IDPS, which is the indication of an imminent attack, for example, scanning of hosts and ports for launching further attacks. In this case, an IDPS can either block the reconnaissance activity or it can alter the configurations of other network devices Functions of IDPS Technologies The main difference between different types of IDPS technologies is the type of events they can recognize. Following are some main functions; Recording of information regarding observed events, this information could be stored locally or could be sent to the logging server. Sending of alerts is one of the vital functions of IDPS. Alerts are sent through different methods i.e. email, SNMP traps, syslog messages etc. In case of detection of a new threat, some IDPS do have the ability to change their security profile, for example, when a new threat is detected, it might be able to collect more detail information about the threat. IDPS not only performs detection but it also performs prevention by stopping the threat to succeed. Following are some prevention capabilities: It can stop the attack by terminating either network connection or user session, by blocking access to a target host. It could change the configuration of other network devices (firewalls, routers switches) to block the attack or disrupt it. Some IDPS could change the contents of a malicious IP packet, for example, it can replace the header of an IP packet with a new one. Types of IDPS Technologies IDPS technologies can be divided into following two major categories: Network-Based IDPS Host-Based IDPS Network-Based IDPS Network-based IDPS monitors network traffic for a particular network segment. They analyze the network and application protocol activity to identify any suspicious activity. A network based IDPS is usually sits inline on the network and it analyzes network packets looking for attacks. It receives all packets on a particular network segment, including switched networks. It carefully reconstructs the streams of traffic to analyze them for patterns of malicious behavior. They are equipped with facilities to log their activities and report or alarm on questionable events. Main strengths of network-based IDPS are: Packet Analysis: Network-based IDPSs perform packet analysis. They examine headers of all IP packets for malicious contents. This helps in detection of the common denial of service (DOS) attack. For example, LAND attack, in which both the source destination addresses and source destination ports are same as of the target machine. This cause the target machine to open connection with itself, causing the target machine either performs slowly or crash. It can also investigate the payload of an IP packet for specific commands. Real Time Detection Response: Network-based IDPS detects attacks in real time as they are occurring in the real time and provides faster response. For example, if a hacker initiated a TCP based DoS attack, IDPS can drop the connection by sending a TCP reset. Malicious Content Detection: Network-based IDPS remove replaces suspicious portion of the attack. For example, if an email has infected attachment, an IDPS removes the infected file and permits the clean email. Evidence for Prosecution: Network-based IDPS monitors real time traffic and if an attack is detected and captured the hacker cannot remove the evidence. Because the captured attack has data in it but also the information about his or her identification which helps in the prosecution. Host-Based IDPS A Host-Based system monitors the characteristics of a single host and the events occurring within that host for suspicious activity. It require some software that resides on the system and monitors the network traffic, syslog, processes, file access modification and configuration or system changes. It logs any activities it discovers to a secure database and check to see whether the events match any malicious event record listed in the knowledge base. Some of the major strengths of Host-Based IDPS are as under: Verification of Attack: Host-based IDPS uses logs which contains events that have actually occurred. It has the advantage of knowing if the attack is successful or not. This type of detection is more accurate and generates fewer false alarms. Monitoring of Important Components: Host-Based IDPS monitors key components for example, executables files, specific DDLs and NT registry. All of these can cause damage to the host or network. System Specific Activity: Host-based IDPS monitors user and file access activity. It monitors the logoff or login procedure and monitors it on the basis of current policy. It also monitors the file access for example, opening of a non shared file. Switched Encrypted Environments: Host-Based IDPSs provide greater visibility into purely switched environment by residing on as many critical hosts as needed. Encryption is a challenging problem for network-based IDPS but not a major problem for host-based IDPS. If the host in question has log-based analysis the encryption will have no impact on what goes in to the log files. Near Real Time Detection: A host-based IDPS relies on the log analysis which is not a true real time analysis. But it can detect respond as soon as the log is written to and compared to the active attack signatures. Real Time Detection Response: Stack-based IDPS monitors the packets as they transverse the TCP/IP stack. It examines inbound outbound packets and examines in real time if an attack is being executed. If it detects an attack in real the time then it can responds to that attack in the real time. Section 2: IDPS Analysis Schemes IDPSs Perform Analysis: This Chapter is about the Analysis Process- What Analysis does and Different Phases of Analysis. 2.2 Analysis In the context of intrusion detection prevention, analysis is the organization of the constituent parts of data and their relationships to identify any anomalous activity of interest. Real time analysis is analysis done on the fly as the data travels the path to the network or host. The fundamental goal of intrusion-detection prevention analysis is to improve an information system’s security. This goal can be further broken down: Create records of relevant activity for follow-up. Determine flaws in the network by detecting specific activities. Record unauthorized activity for use in forensics or criminal prosecution of intrusion attacks. Act as a deterrent to malicious activity. Increase accountability by linking activities of one individual across system. 2.3 Anatomy of Intrusion Analysis There are many possible analysis schemes but in order to understand them, the intrusion process can be broken down into following four phases: Preprocessing Analysis Response Refinement 1. Pre-Processing Preprocessing is the key function once the data is collected from IDPS sensor. The data is organized in some fashion for classification. The preprocessing helps in determining the format the data are put into, which is usually some canonical format or could be a structured database. Once the data are formatted, they are broken down further into classifications. These classifications can depend on the analysis schemes being used. For example, if rule-based detection is being used, the classification will involve rules and patterns descriptors. If anomaly detection is used, then statistical profile based on different algorithms in which the user behavior is baseline over the time and any behavior that falls outside of that classification is flagged as an anomaly. Upon completion of the classification process, the data is concatenated and put into a defined version or detection template of some object by replacing variables with values. These detection templates populate the knowledgebase which are stored in the core analysis engine. 2. Analysis Once the processing is completed, the analysis stage begins. The data record is compared to the knowledge base, and the data record will either be logged as an intrusion event or it will be dropped. Then the next data record is analyzed. The next phase is response. 3. Response Once information is logged as an intrusion, a response is initiated. The inline sensor can provide real time prevention through an automated response. Response is specific to the nature of the intrusion or the different analysis schemes used. The response can be set to be automatically performed or it can be done manually after someone has manually analyzed the situation. 4. Refinement The final phase is the refinement stage. This is where the fine tuning of the system is done, based on the previous usage and detected intrusions. This gives the opportunity to reduce false-positive levels and to have a more accurate security tool. Analysis Process By Different Detection Methods The intrusion analysis process is solely depends on the detection method being used. Following is the information regarding the four phases of intrusion analysis by different detection methods: Analysis Process By Rule-Based Detection Rule-based detection, also known as signature detection, pattern matching and misuse detection. Rule-based detection uses pattern matching to detect known attack patterns. The four phases of intrusion analysis process applied in rule-based detection system are as under: Preprocessing: The data is collected about the intrusions, vulnerabilities and attacks and then it is putted down into classification scheme or pattern descriptors. From the classification scheme a behavior model is built and then into a common format; Signature Name: The given name of the signature Signature ID: The unique ID for the signature Signature Description: The description of the signature what it does Possible False Positive Description: An explanation of any â€Å"false positives† that may appear to be an exploit but are actually normal network activity. Related Vulnerability Information: This field has any related vulnerability information The pattern descriptors are typically either content-based signatures, which examine the payload and header of packet, or context-based signatures that evaluate only the packet headers to identify an alert. The pattern descriptors can be atomic (single) or composite (multiple) descriptors. Atomic descriptor requires only one packet to be inspected to identify an alert, while composite descriptor requires multiple packets to be inspected to identify an alert. The pattern descriptors are then put into a knowledge base that contains the criteria for analysis. Analysis: The event data are formatted and compared against the knowledge base by using pattern-matching analysis engine. The analysis engine looks for defined patterns that are known as attacks. Response: If the event matches the pattern of an attack, the analysis engine sends an alert. If the event is partial match, the next event is examined. Partial matches can only be analyzed with a stateful detector, which has the ability to maintain state, as many IDS systems do. Different responses can be returned depending on the specific event records. Refinement: Refinement of pattern-matching analysis comes down to updating signatures, because an IDS is only as good as its signature update. Analysis Process By Profile-Based Detection (Anomaly Detection) An anomaly is something that is different from the norm or that cannot be easily classified. Anomaly detection, also referred to as Profile-based detection, creates a profile system that flags any events that strays from a normal pattern and passes this information on to output routines. The analysis process by profile-based detection is as following: Preprocessing: The first step in the analysis process is collecting the data in which behavior considered normal on the network is baselined over a period of time. The data are put into a numeric form and then formatted. Then the information is classified into a statistical profile that is based on different algorithms is the knowledge base. Analysis: The event data are typically reduced to a profile vector, which is then compared to the knowledge base. The contents of the profile vector are compared to a historical record for that particular user, and any data that fall outside of the baseline of normal activity is labeled as deviation. Response: At this point, a response can be triggered either automatically or manually. Refinement: The profile vector history is typically deleted after a specific time. In addition, different weighting systems can be used to add more weight to recent behavior than past behaviors. Section 3: IDPS Technologies This section provides an overview of different technologies. It covers the major components, architecture, detection methodologies security capabilities of IDPS. Components Following are the major components and architecture of IDPS; Sensor Agents: Sensors Agents monitors and analyze the network traffic for malicious traffic. Sensor:The technologies that use sensors are network based intrusion detection prevention systems, wireless based intrusion detection prevention systems and network behavior analysis systems. Agents: The term â€Å"Agent† is used for Host-Based Intrusion detection prevention technologies. Database Server: The information recorded by the sensors and agents are kept safely in a database server. Console: A console is software that provides an interface for the IDPS users. Console software is installed on the administrator’s PC. Consoles are used for configuring, monitoring, updating and analyzing the sensors or agents. Management Server: It is a centralized device, receives information from sensors agents and manages that information. Some management server can also perform analysis on the information provided by sensor agents, for example correlation of events. Management server can be both appliance based or software based. 3.1 Network architecture IDPS components are usually connected with each other through organization’s network or through Management network. If they are connected through management network, each agent or sensor has additional interface known as management Interface that connects it to the management network. IDPS cannot pass any traffic between management interface and its network interface for security reasons. The components of an IDPS i.e. consoles and database servers are attached only with the Management network. The main advantage of this type of architecture is to hide its existence from hackers intruders and ensure it has enough bandwidth to function under DoS attacks Another way to conceal the information communication is to create a separate VLAN for its communication with the management. This type of architecture doesn’t provide a much protection as the management network does. 3.2 Security capabilities IDPS provide different security capabilities. Common security capabilities are information gathering, logging, detection and prevention. 3.2.1 Information gathering Some IDPS gather general characteristics of a network, for example, information of hosts and network. They identify the hosts, operating system and application they use, from observed activity. 3.2.2 Logging capabilities When a malicious activity is detected by the IDPS, it performs logging. Logs contain date time, event type, rating and prevention action if performed. This data is helpful in investigating the incident. Some network-based IDPS captures packet while host-based IDPS records user ID. IDPS technologies allow log to be store locally and send copies of centralized logging server i.e. syslog. 3.2.3 Detection capabilities The main responsibility of an IDPS is to detect malicious activity. Most IDPS uses combination of detection techniques. The accuracy and types of events they detect greatly depends on the type of IDPS. IDPS gives great results once they are properly tuned. Tuning gives more accuracy, detection and prevention. Following are some the tuning capabilities: Thresholds: It is a value that sets the limit for normal and abnormal behavior. For example, the number of maximum login attempts. If the attempts exceed the limit then it is considered to be anomalous. Blacklists Whitelists: A blacklist is list which contains TCP or UDP port numbers, users, applications, files extensions etc that is associated with malicious activity. A whitelist is a list of discrete entities that are known to be benign. Mainly used to reduce false positive. Alert Setting: It enables IDPS to suppress alerts if an attacker generates too much alerts in a short time and blocking all future traffic from that host. Suppressing of alerts provide IDPS from being overwhelmed. 3.2.4 Prevention Capabilities IDPS offers multiple prevention capabilities. The prevention capability can be configured for each type of alert. Depending on the type of IDPS, some IDPS sensors are more intelligent. They have learning simulation mode which enables them to know when an action should be performed-reducing the risk of blocking benign activity. 3.2.5 Types of Alarms When IDPS detects an intrusion it generates some types of alarms but no IDPS generates 100% true alarm. An IDPS can generate alarm for legitimate activity and can be failed to alarm when an actual attack occurs. These alarms can be categorized as: False Alarms: When an IDPS fails to accurately indicate what is actually happening in the network, it generates false alarms. False alarm fall into two main categories: False Positives: These are the most common type of alarms. False positive occurs when an IDPS generates alarm based on normal network activity. False Negatives: When an IDPS fails to generate an alarm for intrusion, it is called false negative. It happens when IDPS is programmed to detect ck but the attack went undetected. 2. True Alarms: When an IDPS accurately indicates what is actually happening in the network, it generates true alarms. True alarms fall into two main categories: True Positives: When an IDPS detects an intrusion and sends alarm correctly in response to actually detecting the attack in the traffic. True positive is opposite of false negative. True Negative: It represents a situation in which an IDPS signature does not send alarm when it is examining normal user traffic. This is the correct behavior. ARCHITECTURE DESIGHN Architecture design is of vital importance for the proper implementation of an IDPS. The considerations include the following: The location of sensors or agents. The reliability of the solutions the measurements to achieve that reliability. For example using of multiple sensors, for monitoring the same activity, as a backup. The number location of other components of IDPS for usability, redundancy and load balancing. The systems with which IDPS needs interfacing, including: System to which it provides the data i.e. log servers, management softwares. System to which it initiates the prevention responses i.e. routers, firewalls or switches. The systems used to manage the IDPS components i.e. network management software. The protection of IDPS communications on the standard network. 3.3 Maintenance Operation Mostly IDPS are operated maintained by user graphic interface called Console. It allows administrator to configure and update the sensors and servers as well as monitor their status. Console also allows users to monitor and analyze IDPS data and generate reports. Separate accounts could be setup for administrators and users. Command Line Interface (CLI) is also used by some IDPS products. CLI is used for local administration but it can be used for remote access through encrypted tunnel. 3.3.1 Common Use of Consoles Many consoles offer drill down facilities for example, if an IDPS generates an alert, it gives more detail information in layers. It also give extensive information to the user i.e. packet captures and related alerts. Reporting is an important function of console. User can configured the console to send reports at set time. Reports can be transferred or emailed to appropriate user or host. Users can obtain and customized reports according to their needs. 3.3.2 Acquiring applying updates There are two types of updates –software updates and signature updates. Software updates for enhancing the performance or functionality and fixing the bugs in IDPS while the signature updates for adding detection capabilities or refining existing capabilities. Software updates are not limited for any special component but it could include all or one of them i.e. sensor, console, server and agents. Mostly updates are available from the vendor’s web site. New Chapter Detection Methodologies Most IDPS uses multiple detection methodologies for broad accurate detection of threats but following are primary detection methodologies: Signature Based Detection Anomaly Based Detection Stateful Protocol Analysis 3.3.1 Signature Based Detection The term Signature refers to the pattern that corresponds to a known threat. In signature based detection, the predefined signatures, stored in a database, are compared with the network traffic for series of bytes or packet sequence known to be malicious, for example, an email with the subject of free screen savers and an attachment of screensavers.exe, which are characteristics of known form of malware Or a telnet